1. Cause

2. Notable professors

3. References

Jewish intellectuals began to flee Germany almost immediately after the establishment of anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany following Hitler's elevation to power.^[1] Professors who left Germany and Poland and sought asylum in Britain were unsuccessful{{cn|reason=Plenty were successful! Reference apparently only refers to physicists. |date=December 2018}} and turned their attention to the United States.^[2]

There, they hoped to continue their academic careers, but barring a scant few, they found little acceptance in elite institutions in Depression-era America, which also had its own undercurrent of antisemitism.^[1] Many found work at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs).^[1] HBCUs thought the Jewish professors were valuable faculty that would help strengthen their institution's credibility.^[3]

Cause

When Adolf Hitler rose to power, many Jews left Germany out of the fear of persecution.^[2] In particular, 1933 was a challenging year for many Jewish academics who tried to escape the Nazi occupation^[2] after recent legislation stripped them of their position within universities.^[2] Jews could not find work in other European countries because of the Spanish Civil War and general antisemitism in Europe.^[4] When Jewish academics arrived in the US, they found many of the same antisemitic sentiments, but historically black colleges and universities were willing to hire them. Well known academics (for example Albert Einstein) had better luck and were able to obtain positions at prestigious universities like Princeton.^[4] A third cause for Jews seeking refuge in HBCUs was the racism that was still very prevalent in the south.^[4]{{Failed verification|date=December 2018}} HBCUs were not the most popular places to teach and so these schools were looking for individuals who could contribute to their diverse student and faculty body.^[4]{{Failed verification|date=December 2018}}

While some Jewish professors found favor at institutions like Princeton and Harvard, most found favor at HBCUs.^[2] More than two-thirds of the faculty at many HBCUs during this period{{When|date=December 2018}} were from Nazi Germany.^[5] HBCUs had a firm belief in diversity and giving opportunity no matter the race, religion, or country of origin.^[6] There were few opportunities for Jews in countries like Britain and the USSR because these countries feared what Nazi Germany would do to them for supporting Jews.^[2] HBCUs were open to Jews because of their ideas of equal learning spaces. They sought to create an environment where all people felt welcome to study, including women.^[6]

Notable professors

Claus-Dieter Korn got his first teaching job at Howard University.^[7] His testimony was published in a paper editorial in the New York Times in 1994.^[7] He says," Thus I got my first teaching job at Howard University through Ralphe Bunche, then chairman of political science at Howard. Similarly, at his recommendation, a young fellow political scientist, Ossip Flechtheim, obtained his first academic employment at Atlanta University."^[7]

Ernst Borinski moved to Jackson, Mississippi during the Holocaust to begin a job as a professor at Tougaloo College.^[4] Borinski was a judge and a lawyer when he left Germany and hoped to find refuge in an HBCU due to their acceptance of those who were not yet considered white in the United States.^[4] He eventually became a leading sociologist at Tougaloo College and is remembered for his impact on creating a well-integrated community for academics from all backgrounds.

Ernst Manasse was a philosopher and close friend of Ernst Borinski who also got a job at an HBCU.^[4] His first position in the United States was at North Carolina Central University.^[4]

References

• Albert Abrams
• Alberta Cabinet
• Alberta, Canada
• Alberta Centennial Medal
• Alberta charter schools
• Albert Achilles of Brandenburg
• Alberta Citylink
• Alberta Clipper
• Alberta clipper
• Alberta College of Art & Design
• Alberta Darling
• Alberta (disambiguation)
• Alberta electoral boundary re-distribution
• Alberta electoral boundary re-distribution, 2004
• Alberta Electoral Boundary Re-distribution, 2004
• Alberta federal electoral ridings
• Alberta Ferretti
• Alberta Football League
• Alberta general election (2004)
• Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas
• Alberta Golden Pandas
• Albert A. Gore Jr.
• Alberta Government
• Alberta Government Telephones
• Alberta Greens candidates, 2004 Alberta provincial election