| 词条 | Jutten Island Marine Protected Area |
| 释义 |
{{in use}->{{Infobox protected area The Jutten Island Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa near Saldanha, Western Cape HistoryThe MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, in Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 in terms of section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998. Purpose{{see also|Marine protected areas of South Africa|Marine protected area}}A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".[1] {{expand section|date=January 2019}}ExtentJutten Island MPA is part of the West Coast National Park.[2] The MPA is at the southern entrance to Saldanha Bay, 800 m from Jut Point. The area of the island is 46 ha and it is fairly flat with two small hills. The highest point is 60 m above sea level.[2] The total area of the MPA is 1.11 km2[4] BoundariesThe MPA is below the high water mark within the boundaries:[5]
ZonationRestricted areasControlled areasManagementThe marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, SANParks, which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).[1][7] The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.[8] {{expand section|date=February 2019}}GeographyThe MPA is in the cool temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[9] Four major habitats exist in the sea in this region, distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Some of these may have Kelp forests, which reduce the effect of waves and provide food and shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches and bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of the other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above. There are no significant estuarine habitats in the MPA. Rocky shores and reefsThere are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of this are red bait pods, which are usually encrusted with sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods, and abalone, which are usually covered by similar seaweeds to those found on the surrounding rocks, usually with a variety of other organisms living on the seaweeds.{{rp|Ch.2}} The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices. Kelp forestsKelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo Ecklonia maxima grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.{{rp|Ch.4}} Sandy beaches and bottoms (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms) Sandy bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sand is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.{{rp|Ch.3}} The open seaThe pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity.{{rp|Ch.6}} Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply. Marine species diversity{{empty section|date=February 2019}}AnimalsBirds - breeding colonies of:
Seaweeds{{empty section|date=February 2019}}EndemismThe MPA is in the cool temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a moderate proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[9] Alien invasive species{{empty section|date=January 2019}}Threats{{empty section|date=January 2019}}Slipways and harbours in the MPA{{empty section|date=January 2019}}See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf |title=Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 |date=29 December 2000 |via= Centre for Environmental Rights |accessdate= 19 January 2019 }} [1][3][4][5][6][7][8]2. ^{{cite book|last=Jones |first=Georgina |title=A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=SURG |location=Cape Town |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-620-41639-9 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|url=http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/67704831/ |title=Jutten Island Marine Protected Area |website=www.mpatlas.org | accessdate=8 February 2018}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/jutten-island-marine-protected-area-marine-protected-area |title=Jutten Island Marine Protected Area in South Africa |website=www.protectedplanet.net |accessdate=16 February 2019 }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php |title=Marine Protected Area |author= |website=www.sanparks.org |accessdate=26 May 2018}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/west_coast/conservation/ff/marine.php |title=West Coast National Park: Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) |website=www.sanparks.org |accessdate=16 February 2019 }} 7. ^1 2 {{cite report |work=South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT |date=October 2004 |pages=97–109 |title=Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions |first1=K. |last1=Sink |first2=J. |last2=Harris |first3=A. |last3=Lombard |url=http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/ |title=Marine Protected Areas |author=|date= |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |accessdate=24 May 2018 }} 9. ^{{cite report|url=http://opus.sanbi.org/bitstream/20.500.12143/5809/1/Sinka_et_al_2010.pdf |work=Final Summary Report 2011 Offshore Marine Protected Area Project |publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute |location=Cape Town |accessdate=10 February 2019 |last1=Sink |first1=KJ |last2=Attwood |first2=CG |last3=Lombard |first3=AT |last4=Grantham |first4=H |last5=Leslie |first5=R |last6=Samaai |first6=T |last7=Kerwath |first7=S |last8=Majiedt |first8=P |last9=Fairweather |first9=T |last10=Hutchings |first10=L |last11=van der Lingen |first11=C |last12=Atkinson |first12=LJ |last13=Wilkinson |first13=S |last14=Holness |first14=S |last15=Wolf |first15=T |date=2011 |title=Spatial planning to identify focus areas for offshore biodiversity protection in South Africa}} }}{{Marine protected areas of South Africa}}{{Template:Marine biodiversity of South Africa}} 2 : Marine biodiversity of South Africa|Marine protected areas of South Africa |
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