| 词条 | Bell X-5 | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Bell X-5 was the first aircraft capable of changing the sweep of its wings in flight. It was inspired by the untested wartime P.1101 design of the German Messerschmitt company. In contrast with the German design, which could only have its wing sweepback angle adjusted on the ground, the Bell engineers devised a system of electric motors to adjust the sweep in flight. Design and developmentThe incomplete Messerschmitt P.1101 fighter prototype recovered by United States troops in 1945 from the experimental facility at Oberammergau, Germany, was brought back to the United States. Although damaged in transit, the innovative fighter prototype was delivered to the Bell factory at Buffalo, New York where company engineering staff studied the design closely, and, led by Chief Designer Robert J. Woods, submitted a proposal for a similar design.[1] Although superficially similar, the X-5 was much more complex than the P.1101, with three sweep positions: 20°, 40° and 60°, creating an inflight "variable-geometry" platform. A jackscrew assembly moved the wing's hinge along a set of short horizontal rails, using disc brakes to lock the wing into its inflight positions. Moving from full extension to full sweep took less than 30 seconds. The articulation of the hinge and pivots partly compensated for the shifts in center of gravity and center of pressure as the wings moved. Even so, the X-5 had vicious spin characteristics arising from the aircraft's flawed aerodynamic layout, particularly a poorly positioned tail and vertical stabilizer which, in some wing positions, could lead to an irrecoverable spin. This violent stall / spin instability would eventually cause the destruction of the second aircraft and the death of its Air Force test pilot in 1953.[2] The unfavorable spin characteristics also led to the cancellation of tentative plans by the United States Air Force to modify the X-5's design into a low-cost tactical fighter for NATO and other foreign countries.[3] Operational historyTwo X-5s were built (serial numbers 50-1838 and 50-1839). The first was completed 15 February 1951, and the two aircraft made their first flights on 20 June and 10 December 1951. Almost 200 flights were made at speeds up to Mach 0.9 and altitudes of {{convert|40,000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. One aircraft was lost on 14 October 1953, when it failed to recover from a spin at 60° sweepback. Air Force Captain Ray Popson died in the crash at Edwards Air Force Base. The other X-5 remained at Edwards and continued active testing until 1955, and remained in service as a chase plane until 1958. The X-5 successfully demonstrated the advantage of a swing-wing design for aircraft intended to fly at a wide range of speeds. Despite the X-5's stability problems, the concept was later successfully implemented in such aircraft as the General Dynamics F-111 and Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG-23 and MiG-27, the Sukhoi Su-17/20/22 and Su-24, the Tupolev Tu-22M and Tu-160, the Panavia Tornado and the Rockwell B-1 Lancer. SurvivorsThe sole surviving X-5 is now at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. It was delivered to the Museum in March 1958. It is displayed in the Museum's Research & Development Hangar.[4] Specifications (Bell X-5){{Aircraft specifications|jet or prop?=jet |plane or copter?=plane |crew=1 |capacity= |length main=33 ft 4 in |length alt=10.1 m |span main=
|span alt=10.2 m)
|height main=12 ft |height alt=3.6 m |area main=175 sq. ft. |area alt=16.26 m². |empty weight main=6,336 lb |empty weight alt=2,880 kg |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main=9,980 lb |max takeoff weight alt=4,536 kg |engine (jet)=Allison J35-A-17 |type of jet=turbojet |number of jets=1 |thrust main=4,900 lbf |thrust alt=21.8 kN |thrust original= |afterburning thrust main= |afterburning thrust alt= |afterburning thrust original= |max speed main=716 mph |max speed alt=1,150 km/h |max speed more= |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |cruise speed more= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main=750 mi |range alt=1,207 km |range more= |ceiling main=49,900 ft |ceiling alt=15,200 m |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight=0.50:1 |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |armament= }} See also{{Portal|United States Air Force}}{{aircontent|related= |similar aircraft=
|lists=
}} References
1. ^Winchester 2005, p. 37. 2. ^Hallion 1984, p. 52. 3. ^Hallion 1984, p. 47. 4. ^"Bell X-5". National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 22 October 2016.
External links{{Commons category|Bell X-5}}
7 : Edwards Air Force Base|Variable-sweep-wing aircraft|United States experimental aircraft 1950–1959|Single-engined jet aircraft|Bell aircraft|Mid-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1951 |
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