| 词条 | Li Yongfang |
| 释义 |
Battle of Fushun{{main|Battle of Fushun}}The Battle of Fushun would be the first military conflict between the Later Jin and the Ming dynasty. Li Yongfang only had 1,200 men under his command.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=12}} The Jin army assailed the city walls with siege ladders and the unprepared garrison gave their lives in a hasty defense. Li and his lieutenant, Zhao Yipeng, decided to surrender on the condition that no one was to be harmed. Nurhaci agreed to the terms and entered the city. Li's defection to the Manchus was possible only because the Chinese official saw in the Manchu system the opportunity of serving a Manchu ruler without abandoning his Chinese cultural and political experience. He was only the first of a number of Chinese who surrendered or were captured and entered Manchu service in an administration that adapted many Chinese methods.{{sfn|Swope|2014|p=12}} Nurhaci's granddaughter by his son Abatai married Li as a result of his defection to the Qing.[6][7][8][9] The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" ({{zh|c=三等子爵|p=sān děng zǐjué|labels=no}}) title.[10] Qing dynastyLi Yongfang later fought as a lieutenant-general at the side of Nurhaci and participated in the Later Jin invasion of Joseon. Although spared and given privileged status as one of the first to defect, Li lost Nurhaci's confidence in 1622 when he opposed the khan's desire to massacre any Chinese refugees who sought to escape his rule. Despite this, Li remained ambivalent towards Ming overtures trying to re-enlist him in their army. Li Yongfang died in 1634 with the rank of viscount. All nine of his sons continued to provide service to the imperial throne.{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=61-62}} Li is the father of Li Shuaitai and the great great great grandfather of Li Shiyao (李侍堯).[11][12] References1. ^{{cite book|author=Anne Walthall|title=Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148 |year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25444-2|pages=148–}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Frederic Wakeman|title=Fall of Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA79 |date=1 January 1977|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-02-933680-9|pages=79–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Kenneth M. Swope|title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |date=23 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-46209-4|pages=13–}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Frederic E. Wakeman|title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA61 |year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04804-1|pages=61–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Mark C. Elliott|title=The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA76 |year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7|pages=76–}} 6. ^http://www.lishiquwen.com/news/7356.html 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-06-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007063611/http://www.fs7000.com/wap/?9179.html |archivedate=2016-10-07 |df= }} 8. ^http://www.75800.com.cn/lx2/pAjRqK/9N6KahmKbgWLa1mRb1iyc_.html 9. ^https://read01.com/aP055D.html 10. ^{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=72–}} 11. ^http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/LI_SHIH-YAO.html 12. ^http://12103081.wenhua.danyy.com/library1210shtml30810106630060.html 2 : 1634 deaths|Ming dynasty generals |
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