| 词条 | Abortion in Norway | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The legality of and public opinion toward abortion in Norway has changed dramatically in the last 100 years. Current Norwegian legislation and public health policy provides for abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of gestation, by application up to the 18th week, and thereafter only under special circumstances until the foetus is viable. HistoryIn Christian V's legislation of 1687, abortion was punishable by death. By law of 1842, it was no longer a capital offense, but could be punished by up to six years of imprisonment and hard labor. In 1902, new legislation allowed for abortion in cases where the mother's life was in danger or the child would be stillborn. Early activismAn important milestone for the issue of abortion on request came on January 15, 1915, when Katti Anker Møller gave a speech in Kristiania (now Oslo) calling for legalized abortion on request. She said that "the basis for all freedom is the governance over one's own body and everything that is in it. The opposite is the condition of a slave." ("Grundlaget for al frihet er rådighet over egen krop og hvad i den er. Det motsatte er en slaves tilstand") In the period between 1920 and 1929, about 100 individuals were sentenced for illegal abortion. In one of Oslo's largest hospitals, 82 women died as a result of illegal abortions, and 3791 women were treated for injuries sustained under these procedures. In 1934, the ministry of Justice named a committee to start work on new legislation on abortion, headed by Katti Anker Møller's daughter Tove Mohr. The following year, a campaign opposing the committee's work gathered 207,000 signatures. The government tabled the committee's work. The political debate continued on the issue, though World War II put other priorities in the public discourse. During the German occupation, the maternal hygiene offices pioneered by Katti Anker Møller were shut down and all their materials put to the fire. When the maternal hygiene offices reopened in 1950, abortion counseling became one of their main services. An estimated 3,000 legal abortions and 7,000 - 10,000 illegal abortions were performed each year in the 1950s. In 1956, the prevalence of illegal abortions reached such levels that a council on penal law recommended stiffer penalties for illegal abortions. Gradual liberalization and a core feminist cause
In 1960, a new law allowed abortion by application approved by a commission of two physicians, and only on the basis of medical, eugenic, or criminal criteria; and with the consent of the husband if the applicant was married. This law went into effect in 1964. The application was made by the woman's physician on her behalf, and she made her case alone before the commission. In 1964, 72% of the applications were approved. By 1974, 94% were approved, and the rate increased steadily through the 1970s. Still, practice varied considerably. In 1969, the Norwegian Labour Party put abortion on request on their platform, setting the stage for a mainstream debate on abortion within the broader framework of feminism. Proponents of abortion on request improved their organizational strength, forming in 1974 Kvinneaksjonen for selvbestemt abort ("The Women's campaign for abortion on request"). At the same time Folkeaksjonen mot selvbestemt abort (the Popular Movement Against Abortion on Request) was formed and led by Anne Enger Lahnstein, submitting 610,000 signatures for their cause. The debate intensified, with feminists on one side of the issue, mainstream Christians on the other, and the medical community split. Abortion on request was put to the vote in Stortinget but unexpectedly failed to pass by one vote when Socialist Left party representative Otto Hauglin voted against the bill. Although criteria for commission-approved abortions were somewhat relaxed, it became clear that abortion on request would have to wait for the next session of parliament. This period marked intensifying activism on both sides of the issue. The Christian newspaper Vårt Land became the platform for those opposed to the pending legislation, whereas the Socialist and feminist press advocated for it. The non-Socialist parties were unified in their opposition to abortion on request, maintaining that the commission arrangement was appropriate. Abortion on DemandIn 1978, after much preparation and activism, by among others physicians Berthold Grünfeld and Axel Strøm of the Norwegian Labour Party and Socialist Left Party, respectively, passed with a one-vote majority the current law, which provides for abortion on request in the first 12 weeks. Abortions after the end of the 12th week up to 18 weeks of pregnancy may be granted, by application, under special circumstances, such as the mother’s health or her social situation; if the baby is in great danger of severe medical complications; or if the woman has become pregnant while under-age, or after sexual abuse. After the 18th week the reasons for terminating a pregnancy must be extremely weighty. An abortion will not be granted after viability.[1] Minor girls under 16 years of age need parental consent, although in some circumstances this may be overridden.[2] Soon after the laws was passed, bishop Per Lønning resigned from his office in the Church of Norway in protest against the new legislation. Current practicesAlthough some argued that easier access to abortion would cause abortion rates to increase, the number of abortions has remained stable since the early 1970s, especially when adjusted for demographic changes related to fertility. Between 1999 and 2003, 1740 applications for abortions between the 12th and 16th week were considered by commissions in Norway. Of these, 1647, or 95.2% were approved.[3] In 2011, midwives at Rikshospitalet alarmed authorities that some aborted fetuses had heartbeats for up to one hour before they died.[4] Data from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health revealed that between 2001 and 2011 17 fetuses had been aborted at 22 or 23 weeks gestation. In September 2013, a committee appointed by the Ministry of Health and Care Services recommended that abortion should not be allowed after 21 weeks and 6 days gestation.[5] On 1 January 2015 the regulation on abortion was changed to say that a fetus is presumed viable at 21 weeks and 6 days, unless there is specific reasons to believe it is not.[6] {{as of|2010}}, the abortion rate was 16.2 abortions per 1000 women aged 15–44 years.[7]Further reading
References1. ^https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/about-the-abortion-act/id419252/ EnglishNorwegian2. ^https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/about-the-abortion-act/id419252/ 3. ^http://www.ssb.no/vis/magasinet/slik_lever_vi/art-2005-02-18-01.html 4. ^Christine Svendsen (12 May 2012) Aborterte fostre levde i over en time før hjertet hadde sluttet å slå NRK. Retrieved 3 January 2013 {{no icon}} 5. ^Christine Svendsen (3 January 2013) Endrer forskrift etter abortskandale NRK. Retrieved 4 January 2013 {{no icon}} 6. ^[https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2001-06-15-635 Forskrift om svangerskapsavbrudd (abortforskriften)] § 18 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160214192714/https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2001-06-15-635 archive]) 7. ^{{Cite web | title = World Abortion Policies 2013 | publisher = United Nations | year = 2013 | url = https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/world-abortion-policies-2013.shtml | accessdate = 3 March 2014 }}
9 : Abortion in Norway|Social history of Norway|1915 establishments in Norway|1915 in law|1978 establishments|1978 in law|1687 disestablishments|1687 in law|Health law in Norway |
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