| 词条 | Mauscheln |
| 释义 |
| title = Mauscheln | image_link = | image_caption = The Weli may be used as the 2nd highest trump | alt_names = | type = Plain-trick game | family = Rams group | players = 3 - 5 | ages = 16+ | num_cards = 32 | deck = William Tell or German-suited pack | play = Clockwise | card_rank = A K O U 10 9 8 7 or A K Q J 10 9 8 7 | origin = Austria, Germany | related = Contra, Kratzen, Lupfen, Mistigri, Tippen, Zwicken | playing_time = | random_chance = | skills = | footnotes = Features: pot, 4 cards, optional special trumps }} Mauscheln, also Maus or Vierblatt,{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=20}} is a gambling card game that resembles Tippen, which is commonly played in Germany and the countries of the old Austro-Hungarian Empire. BackgroundOrigin of the nameThe name Mauscheln means something like "(secretive) talk". According to Meyers Konversationslexikon of 1885 to 1892 the word Mauschel is derived from the Hebrew word moscheh "Moses", in Ashkenazi Herbrew Mausche, Mousche, and was a nickname for Jews; in Old German mauscheln means something like "speak with a Jewish accent" or haggle". Today mauscheln is a synonym for "scheme", "wheel and deal", "wangle" or "diddle".[1] Other names for the game include Anschlagen (in Tyrol and Lower Austria{{sfn|Geiser|2004|pp=58-61}}), Polish Bank (Polnische Bank, not to be confused with another game of this name) or Panczok, also Kratzen,[2] or Frische Vier (in Lower Austria, Styria and Burgenland{{sfn|Geiser|2004|pp=58-61}}). It also used to be known as Angehen.{{sfn|Kastner & Folkvord|2005|p=63}} The 3-card game, Dreiblatt or Tippen, is very similar to Mauscheln. HistoryMauscheln first appeared towards the end of the 19th century and was initially very popular in Jewish trading circles. In 1890, Ulmann described Angehen as "very popular in ladies' circles", noting that it was called Mauscheln in south Germany.{{sfn|Ulmann|1890|p=260/261}} During the First World War it flourished among the German soldiers and has since become widespread in the German-speaking world.[3] Mauscheln is one of the most popular games in Austria and is commonly played everywhere except in the states of Vorarlberg in the west and Burgenland in the east.{{sfn|Geiser|2004|p=40}} One modern source describes it as little more than an excerpt of Ombre and Boston and "so simple and mindless that anyone can learn it in five minutes." The game clearly revolves around money, resulting in attempts to classify and ban it as a game of chance. However, it is not a gambling game in the legal sense.[3] Basic rulesPlayers and cardsLike Tippen, Mauscheln may be played by 3 to 5 players with a 32-card, usually German-suited, pack. If more players participate a 52-card French pack may be used.{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=20}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}} DealingThe dealer places a stake of four chips or coins (e.g. 40¢; it must be divisible by four) as the Pinke or Stamm in the pot and deals two cards to each player. The next one is turned as trumps and then another 2 cards are dealt. The remaining cards are placed face down on the table.{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=20}} BiddingForehand, left of the dealer, leads the bidding by announcing whether to "pass" (i.e. drop out of the current deal) or "diddle" (ich mauschele i.e. "I'll play"). In doing so, he undertakes to win at least two tricks. If he drops out, the other players in turn may opt to diddle. If no-one diddles, the cards are thrown in, the next player pays 4 chips to the pot and deals for the next game. Once a player has declared "diddle", the others may either "pass" (ich passe) or "play" (ich gehe mit i.e. "I'll join you").{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=20}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}} If all the others pass, the diddler (Mauschler) claims the pot without playing a game. If at least one other player joins in, all active players, in order, may exchange up to 4 hand cards with the talon, throwing their discards face down onto a 'bonfire' (Scheiterhaufen).{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=21}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}} PlayingThe diddler leads to the first trick. Thereafter the winner of a trick leads to the next. Players must follow suit if possible (Farbzwang) or trump if unable (Trumpfzwang); in any case they must head the trick if they can (Stechzwang).{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=21}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}} ScoringScoring is as follows: {{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=21}}{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}}
VariationsIn addition to variations in cutting and dealing, the following other variations are recorded:{{sfn|Grupp|1975/79|p=21}} KnockingIf the dealer turns up a high trump such as the Sow (= Ace/Deuce), and before looking at his cards, he may 'knock' (klopfen) which in effect means he will diddle. He takes over the game and has to take at least 2 tricks. If one or more of the others choose to play, the dealer looks at his cards, discards any he deems unfavourable and exchanges them with the trump turnup and fresh cards from the talon, without viewing them. Once the other active player(s) have exchanged, the dealer may pick up his new cards together with the 'knocked' trump. QuartetsIf anyone is dealt a quartet, they must discard them onto the bonfire, pay the Pinke and are then dealt another hand which they may exchange. BelliThe {{Diamonds}}7 or {{Bell}}7 is the permanent, second-highest trump after the trump Ace or Sow. It may incur a penalty payment if lost to the Ace.{{sfn|Parlett|2008|p=119}} WeliThe Weli ({{Bell}}6) may be added to the pack as the 33rd card and permanent, second-highest trump See also
References1. ^Wortschatz Uni Leipzig 2. ^Although Kratzen is usually played with 'hop and jump' and the Weli, unlike Mauscheln. 3. ^1 [https://www.casinospiegel.net/mauscheln.html Mauscheln] at www.casinospiegel.net. Retrieved 24 Oct 2018 Literature
External links{{Wiktionary|de:Mauscheln}}
8 : Austrian card games|German card games|German deck card games|French deck card games|Rams group|Gambling games|Historical card games|Card games for children |
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