| 词条 | Benthos | |||
| 释义 |
Benthos is the community of organisms that live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone.[1] This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments, from tidal pools along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths. Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the water column. The pressure difference can be very significant (approximately one atmosphere for each 10 metres of water depth).[2]{{failed verification|date=April 2016}}[3] Because light is absorbed before it can reach deep ocean-water, the energy source for deep benthic ecosystems is often organic matter from higher up in the water column that drifts down to the depths. This dead and decaying matter sustains the benthic food chain; most organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers or detritivores. The term benthos, coined by Haeckel in 1891,[4] comes from the Greek noun {{lang|grc|βένθος}} "depth of the sea".[1][5] Benthos is also used in freshwater biology to refer to organisms at the bottom of freshwater bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and streams.[6] There is also a redundant synonym, benthon.[7] Food sourcesThe main food sources for the benthos are algae and organic runoff from land. The depth of water, temperature and salinity, and type of local substrate all affect what benthos is present. In coastal waters and other places where light reaches the bottom, benthic photosynthesizing diatoms can proliferate. Filter feeders, such as sponges and bivalves, dominate hard, sandy bottoms. Deposit feeders, such as polychaetes, populate softer bottoms. Fish, such as dragonets, as well as sea stars, snails, cephalopods, and crustaceans are important predators and scavengers. Benthic organisms, such as sea stars, oysters, clams, sea cucumbers, brittle stars and sea anemones, play an important role as a food source for fish, such as the California sheephead, and humans. By sizeMacrobenthos{{main|Macrobenthos}}
They are easily visible to the naked eye with the lower range of body size at 0.5 mm but usually larger than 3 mm. In the coastal water ecosystem, they include several species of organisms from different taxa including Porifera, Annelids, Coelenterates, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Arthropods etc.[2]{{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = | header_background = | image1 = Floridian seagrass bed.jpg | width1 = 200 | alt1 = | caption1 = Seagrass growing off the coast | image2 = Nerr0878.jpg | width2 = 195 | alt2 = | caption2 = Echinoderms | image3 = Seasquirt.jpg | width3 = 179 | alt3 = | caption3 = A sea squirt being used as a substrate for a nudibranch's spiral egg | image4 = Benthic GLERL 1.jpg | width4 = 171 | alt4 = | caption4 = Microphotograph of typical macrobenthic animals, (from top to bottom) including amphipods, a polychaete worm, a snail, and a chironomous midge larvae }}{{clear}} Meiobenthos{{main|Meiobenthos}}
| align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = | header_background = | image1 = Ammonia tepida.jpg | width1 = 201 | alt1 = | caption1 = Live foraminifera Ammonia tepida (Rotaliida) | image2 = Waterbear.jpg | width2 = 204 | alt2 = | caption2 = Water bear Hypsibius dujardini | image3 = Gastrotrich.jpg | width3 = 131 | alt3 = | caption3 = Gastrotrich | image4 = copepodkils.jpg | width4 = 182 | alt4 = | caption4 = Copepod }}{{clear}} Microbenthos
| align = left | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = | header_background = | image1 = Diatoms through the microscope.jpg | width1 = 205 | alt1 = | caption1 = Marine diatoms | image2 = Stentor roeseli composite image.jpg | width2 = 215 | alt2 = | caption2 = Ciliate stentor roeselii | image3 = Giardia lamblia.jpg | width3 = 300 | alt3 = | caption3 = Flagellate | image4 = | width4 = 180 | alt4 = | caption4 = }}{{clear}} By typeZoobenthosZoobenthos comprises the animals belonging to the benthos. PhytobenthosPhytobenthos comprises the plants belonging to the benthos, mainly benthic diatoms and macroalgae (seaweed). By locationEndobenthosEndobenthos lives buried, or burrowing in the sediment, often in the oxygenated top layer, e.g., a sea pen or a sand dollar. EpibenthosEpibenthos lives on top of the sediments, e.g., like a sea cucumber or a sea snail crawling about. HyperbenthosHyperbenthos lives just above the sediment, e.g., a rock cod. See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Contrast the terms plankton (the organisms that float or drift within the water), nekton (the organisms that swim (powerfully) in the water), and neuston (the organisms that float on the water). Notes1. ^1 Benthos from the Census of Antarctic Marine Life website 2. ^1 {{Cite journal|url = http://www.aes.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2016.71-82.pdf|title = Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines|last = Walag|first = Angelo Mark |author2=Mae Oljae P. Canencia |year = 2016|journal = Advances in Environmental Sciences|doi = |pmid = |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=71–82 |access-date = October 27, 2015}} 3. ^https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pressure.html 4. ^{{lang|de|Haeckel, E. 1891. Plankton-Studien. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 25 / (Neue Folge)}} 18: 232-336. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11963729 BHL]. 5. ^{{LSJ|be/nqos|βένθος|ref}}. 6. ^North American Benthological Society website 7. ^Nehring, S. & Albrecht, U. (1997). Benthos und das redundante Benthon: Neologismen in der deutschsprachigen Limnologie. Lauterbornia 31: 17-30, . References
External links
4 : Marine organisms|Fisheries|Biology terminology|Oceanographical terminology |
|||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。