| 词条 | Benton Harbor, Michigan | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Benton Harbor, Michigan |settlement_type = City |image_skyline = Main Street Downtown Benton Harbor.jpg |image_caption = Main Street in Downtown Benton Harbor |nickname = |motto = |pushpin_map =Michigan |pushpin_label_position =top |pushpin_label =Benton Harbor |pushpin_map_caption =Location within the state of Michigan |pushpin_mapsize = |image_map = Benton Harbor, MI location.png |mapsize = 250 |map_caption = Location within Berrien County |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name1 = Michigan |subdivision_name2 = Berrien |established_title = Incorporated |established_date = 1836 (village) 1891 (city) |government_footnotes = |government_type = Council–manager |leader_title1 = Mayor |leader_name1 = Marcus Muhammad |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = [1] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 12.00 |area_total_sq_mi = 4.63 |area_land_km2 = 11.35 |area_land_sq_mi = 4.38 |area_water_km2 = 0.65 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.25 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 180 |elevation_ft = 591 |population_total = 10038 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_footnotes = [2] |population_density_km2 = 868.97 |population_density_sq_mi = 2250.63 |population_est = 9860 |pop_est_as_of = 2017 |postal_code_type = ZIP code(s) |postal_code = 49022, 49023 |area_code = 269 |website = {{URL|https://bhcity.us/|Official website}} |footnotes = |coordinates = {{Coord|42|07|00|N|86|27|15|W|type:city_region:US-MI|display=inline,title}} |timezone = Eastern (EST) |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = EDT |utc_offset_DST = -4 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 26-07520[2] |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = 0621144[3] |pop_est_footnotes = [5] }}Benton Harbor is a city in Berrien County in the U.S. state of Michigan which is located southwest of Kalamazoo, and northwest of South Bend, Indiana. In 2010, the population was 10,038 according to the census. It is the smaller, by population, of the two principal cities in the Niles–Benton Harbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, an area with 156,813 people.[4] Benton Harbor and the city of St. Joseph are separated by the St. Joseph River and are known locally as the "Twin Cities".[5]{{Failed verification|date=June 2015}} Fairplain and Benton Heights are unincorporated areas adjacent to Benton Harbor. HistoryBenton Harbor was founded by Henry C. Morton, Sterne Brunson and Charles Hull, who all now have or have had schools named after them.[6] Benton Harbor was mainly swampland bordered by the Paw Paw River, through which a canal was built, hence the "harbor" in the city's name.[7] In 1860, the village was laid out by Brunson, Morton, Hull and others, and given the name of Brunson Harbor.[8] Brunson, Morton, and Hull also donated land and solicited subscriptions for construction of the canal, which was completed in 1862. It had long been recognized that a canal would be crucial to the town's development, both to drain the marsh and to provide a berthing area for ships. The canal, originally {{convert|25|ft}} in width but expanded to {{convert|50|ft}} in 1868, led to the town's becoming a shipping and manufacturing center for the area.[9] In 1866, the name of the settlement was changed to Benton Harbor in honor of Thomas Hart Benton, a Missouri Senator who helped Michigan achieve statehood.[10] In 1836, Benton Harbor was organized as a village and in 1891 was incorporated as a city.[8] The House of David religious group was founded here and once ran a local amusement park. Two major riots occurred in 1966 and 2003. Several other riots have also occurred in the intervening period. GeographyAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|4.68|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|4.43|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.25|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.[11] ClimateBenton Harbor has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) that has very warm summers for the type and also less cold winters than many climates of the classification. Due to lake-effect snow there is very high snowfall relative to precipitation in winter, but far lower than some locations that are farther north in the state. Summer high temperatures range from {{convert|77|to|83|F}} from June to August, but the apparent heat is normally moderated by mild nights. {{Weather box|location = Benton Harbor, Michigan |single line = Y |Jan record high F = 68 |Feb record high F = 71 |Mar record high F = 84 |Apr record high F = 90 |May record high F = 95 |Jun record high F = 104 |Jul record high F = 104 |Aug record high F = 100 |Sep record high F = 98 |Oct record high F = 94 |Nov record high F = 82 |Dec record high F = 69 |year record high F= 104 |Jan high F = 30.2 |Feb high F = 34.5 |Mar high F = 44.9 |Apr high F = 56.1 |May high F = 67.8 |Jun high F = 77.0 |Jul high F = 81.0 |Aug high F = 79.5 |Sep high F = 72.5 |Oct high F = 61.2 |Nov high F = 46.9 |Dec high F = 34.7 |year high F= 57.2 |Jan low F = 17.4 |Feb low F = 19.8 |Mar low F = 27.5 |Apr low F = 36.6 |May low F = 46.4 |Jun low F = 56.2 |Jul low F = 60.9 |Aug low F = 58.8 |Sep low F = 51.6 |Oct low F = 41.8 |Nov low F = 32.6 |Dec low F = 22.7 |year low F= 39.4 |Jan record low F = −21 |Feb record low F = −13 |Mar record low F = −6 |Apr record low F = 9 |May record low F = 23 |Jun record low F = 31 |Jul record low F = 37 |Aug record low F = 36 |Sep record low F = 23 |Oct record low F = 15 |Nov record low F = −19 |Dec record low F = −15 |year record low F= −21 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 2.32 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.68 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.43 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.77 |May precipitation inch = 3.33 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.53 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.24 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.47 |Sep precipitation inch = 4.17 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.09 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.30 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.71 |year precipitation inch= 37.04 |Jan snow inch = 26.0 |Feb snow inch = 17.3 |Mar snow inch = 6.4 |Apr snow inch = 0.9 |May snow inch = 0 |Jun snow inch = 0 |Jul snow inch = 0 |Aug snow inch = 0 |Sep snow inch = 0 |Oct snow inch = 0.4 |Nov snow inch = 4.4 |Dec snow inch = 20.8 |year snow inch= 76.2 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 11.9 |Feb precipitation days = 9.6 |Mar precipitation days = 10.3 |Apr precipitation days = 12.3 |May precipitation days = 10.5 |Jun precipitation days = 9.8 |Jul precipitation days = 8.5 |Aug precipitation days = 9.6 |Sep precipitation days = 9.7 |Oct precipitation days = 11.1 |Nov precipitation days = 11.2 |Dec precipitation days = 13.0 |year precipitation days= 127.6 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 9.2 |Feb snow days = 6.4 |Mar snow days = 2.9 |Apr snow days = 0.5 |May snow days = 0 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 0.2 |Nov snow days = 2.0 |Dec snow days = 7.7 |year snow days= 28.8 |source 1 = Midwestern Regional Climate Center (normals 1971−2000)[12] |date= November 2012 }} Demographics{{US Census population|1870= 661 |1880= 1230 |1890= 3692 |1900= 6562 |1910= 9185 |1920= 12233 |1930= 15434 |1940= 16668 |1950= 18769 |1960= 19136 |1970= 16481 |1980= 14707 |1990= 12818 |2000= 11182 |2010= 10038 |estyear=2017 |estimate=9860 |estref=[13] |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[14] }} The demographics of Benton Harbor contrast sharply with those across the river in St. Joseph.
2010 censusAs of the census[15] of 2010, there were 10,038 people, 3,548 households, and 2,335 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2265.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 4,329 housing units at an average density of {{convert|977.2|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 7.0% White, 89.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population. There were 3,548 households of which 44.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.0% were married couples living together, 43.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.41. The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 35.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 7.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.5% male and 53.5% female. 2000 censusAt the 2000 census,[16] there were 11,182 people, 3,767 households and 2,557 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,545.7 per square mile (983.5/km²). There were 4,492 housing units at an average density of 1,022.7 per square mile (395.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.40% African American, 5.48% White, 0.15% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population. There were 3,767 households of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 20.8% were married couples living together, 42.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.53. Age distribution was 39.6% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.7 males. The median household income was $17,471, and the median family income was $19,250. Males had a median income of $27,154 versus $20,105 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,965, the lowest in Michigan. About 39.6% of families and 42.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 52.5% of those under age 18 and 29.7% of those age 65 or over. Government and politicsThe Michigan Treasury Department in 2009 sent a team to look into the city's finances. The team's report was a long list of mismanagement to the point that budgets were "effectively meaningless as a financial management tool."[5] The city was $10 million under-funded in its pension fund and increasing budget deficits. In April 2010, Democratic Governor Jennifer Granholm appointed Joseph Harris as Emergency Financial Manager. City staff has been reduced by 30 to 70.[17] Harris was given expanded powers under a new law signed in March 2011 by Republican Governor Rick Snyder.[22] Harris was previously the chief financial officer for the city of Detroit.[22] On April 14, 2011, Harris suspended the decision-making powers of Benton Harbor's elected city officials, who can hold meetings but are not allowed to govern.[22] The Michigan AFL-CIO president called the move "sad news for democracy in Michigan", but at least one city official, City Commissioner Bryan Joseph, was in favor of it, saying the city had been mismanaged for decades.[18] On January 4, 2012, city commissioners Marcus Muhammad and MaryAlice Adams held a press conference, where they stated that if there is still an emergency financial manager administering the city when Benton Harbor hosts the Senior PGA Championship in May, an "Occupy PGA movement should sit in on the golf greens and driving ranges in protest."[19] On January 11, 2013, the Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board (ELB) voted to replace Joseph Harris as the Emergency Financial Manager (EFM) for the city of Benton Harbor. On February 1, 2013, the ELB would then appoint Tony R. Saunders II as the youngest Successor-Emergency Financial Manager for the city of Benton Harbor.[20] Library service for the city is provided by the Benton Harbor Public Library.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} The town has a police department.[21] EducationThe city is served by two institutions, Benton Harbor Area Schools[22] within the Berrien Regional Education Service Agency,[23] and Lake Michigan College, a two-year community college just east of Benton Harbor. EconomyWhirlpool Corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of major home appliances, has its corporate headquarters in nearby Benton Charter Township,[24][25] along with a new Riverview campus near the St. Joseph River in Benton Harbor, and the Technical Center in St. Joseph. Community organizationsBlack Autonomy Network Community Organization (BANCO) is a political and social justice coalition working in Benton Harbor. TransportationMajor highways
Spanning the Paw Paw River and providing an additional connection to St. Joseph, the Charles Freeman Joseph bridge on Whitwam Drive, is named for Benton Harbor's first black mayor, opened in late 2005.[26][27] RailThe Amtrak station in St Joseph is served daily by Amtrak's Pere Marquette passenger train. BusTwin Cities Area Transportation Authority (TCATA) provides bus transit throughout Benton Harbor and the surrounding areas. Originally strictly a dial-a-ride service, it has recently expanded to include three fixed routes—Red Route, Green Route and Blue Route. Red Route serves Benton Harbor, St. Joseph, St. Joseph Charter Township, Lincoln Township, and Royalton Township. Blue and Green routes operate throughout Benton Harbor and Benton Township.[28]AirSouthwest Michigan Regional Airport provides non-commercial air service. ShippingBoth Benton Harbor and neighboring St. Joseph are commercial ports that receive bulk goods from lake freighters. MediaBenton Harbor is served by The Herald-Palladium newspaper, whose offices are in nearby St. Joseph Township, and is part of the South Bend/Elkhart television market. The Benton Spirit Community Newspaper Points of interestSites of interest in Benton Harbor are Shiloh House, built in 1910, which served as the administration building and men's dormitory for the House of David colony, a communal religious group; Morton House (on Morton Hill), built in 1849 by Eleazar Morton, which now houses a museum; Jean Klock Park on Lake Michigan; and the Golf Club at Harbor Shores. In neighboring Benton Township is a large fruit market which replaced the prior fruit market located in the "flats" area of Benton Harbor, which was torn down during an urban renewal project in 1967.[29][30] The main shopping center is The Orchards Mall. SportsAn American Basketball Association team (ABA), the Twin City Ballers, played in Benton Harbor for a few games in November 2006, but left the city due to poor attendance at games. Another ABA team, the Lake Michigan Admirals, began play in 2009. The Admirals switched from the ABA to join the Premiere Basketball League for the 2012 season. Jack Dempsey defended his heavyweight title September 6, 1920, in Benton Harbor, defeating Billy Miske. The city hosts the Maytag Ironman 70.3 Steelhead triathlon,[31] which is a qualifying event for the Ironman 70.3 World Championships. The city is birthplace of Iris Kyle, the most successful, female or male, professional bodybuilder ever, with ten overall Ms. Olympia wins and two heavyweight wins, along with seven Ms. International wins and one heavyweight win. FestivalsBenton Harbor is cohost of the annual Blossomtime Festival with St. Joseph. Notable people{{div col}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_26.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jan 3, 2019}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}} 4. ^Population of Michigan Regions and Statistical Areas, 2000 and 2010, at www.michigan.gov 5. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/18/magazine/benton-harbor.html?_r=0 |first1=Jonathon |last1=Mahler |title=Now that the Factories are Closed, It's Tee Time in Benton Harbor, Michigan |newspaper=The New York Times Magazine |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 15, 2011 |accessdate=May 9, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite news |first=William F., III |last=Ast |coauthors= |title=Coming to a Close |url=http://www.theh-p.com/articles/2011/01/21/local_news/3238790.txt |work=The Herald-Palladium |publisher= |date=2011-01-21 |accessdate=2011-04-23}}{{subscription}} 7. ^Community Profile, City of Benton Harbor {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927030835/http://www.berriencounty.org/econdev/pdfs/benton_harbor_city.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }} - Berrien County official site 8. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Coolidge |first1=Orville W. |year=1906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3G0Qo9lf4nsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=benton&f=false |title=A Twentieth Century History of Berrien County, Michigan |location=Chicago, Illinois |pages=232–35 |publisher=The Lewis Publishing Company|ref=harv|accessdate=May 9, 2015}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George W. |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0p5vWhvYdkC&pg=PA195 |title=Lake Michigan Passenger Steamers |location=Stanford, California |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4240-5 |page=195 |accessdate=May 9, 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313101635/https://bcgensoc.com/facts.php?sid=3 | title=Origins - Old Place Names | publisher=Berrien County Genealogical Society | accessdate=13 March 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2012-11-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=2012-07-14 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web |url = http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/maps/mi_mapselector.htm |title = Climate Summaries |publisher = Midwestern Regional Climate Center |accessdate = November 26, 2012 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121219074613/http://mrcc.isws.illinois.edu/climate_midwest/maps/mi_mapselector.htm |archivedate = December 19, 2012 |df = }} 13. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2012-11-25}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }} 17. ^{{cite news|last=Carey|first=Nick|title=Michigan town's woes a sign of tough choices to come|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/11/us-usa-debt-municipalities-idUSTRE74A0TK20110511|accessdate=January 24, 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=May 11, 2011}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url=http://detnews.com/article/20110416/POLITICS02/104160351/Emergency-manager-cuts-roles-of-Benton-Harbor-officials |title=Emergency manager cuts roles of Benton Harbor officials |work=The Detroit News |date=2011-04-16 |author=Santiago Esparza |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5y11mjlcX?url=http://detnews.com/article/20110416/POLITICS02/104160351/Emergency-manager-cuts-roles-of-Benton-Harbor-officials |archivedate=2011-04-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 19. ^{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Genellie |coauthors= |title=Occupy the PGA? |url=http://www.heraldpalladium.com/articles/2012/01/05/local_news/8015971.txt |work=The Herald-Palladium |publisher= |date=January 5, 2012 |accessdate=January 24, 2012 }} 20. ^{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Stanton |title=Emergency Loan Board Appoints Tony Saunders II Successor-Emergency Financial Manager in Benton Harbor? |url=http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-292933--,00.html |work=Michigan.gov |date=January 11, 2013}} 21. ^{{cite news |title=Former Benton Harbor police officer sent to trial for allegedly running over suspect |url=http://www.wndu.com/content/news/Former-Benton-Harbor-police-officer-sent-to-trial-for-allegedly-running-over-suspect-489280091.html |accessdate=28 July 2018 |agency=WNDU |date=26 July 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bhas.org/ |title=Benton Harbor Area Schools |publisher=Bhas.org |date= |accessdate=2011-04-17}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.berrienresa.org |title=Berrien Regional Education Service Agency |publisher=Berrienresa.org |date=2011-04-05 |accessdate=2011-04-17}} 24. ^"Contact Us {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501075659/http://www.whirlpoolcorp.com/contact/default.aspx |date=2010-05-01 }}." Whirlpool Corporation. 5 (6/30). Retrieved on April 28, 2010. 25. ^"Benton charter township, Michigan." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on April 28, 2010. 26. ^{{cite journal |first=Gene |last=Vandeventer |date=April 2008 |title=Chief 'Charlie Joe' |journal=Citizen Airman |publisher= |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=18–19 |url=http://www.citamn.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090728-071.pdf |doi= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313130240/http://www.citamn.afrc.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090728-071.pdf |archivedate=2011-03-13 |df= }} 27. ^{{cite news |first= |last= |format=fee required |coauthors= |title=New bridge links BH, St. Joe |url=http://www.heraldpalladium.com/articles/2005/12/03/import/20051203-archive3.txt |work=The Herald-Palladium |publisher= |date=2005-12-03 |accessdate=2010-08-21 }} 28. ^Go Ride Share: Twin Cities Dial A Ride {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082445/http://www.gorideshare.org/twincities_2.asp |date=March 20, 2012 }} 29. ^{{cite news |first=John |last=Matuszak |coauthors= |title=150 and still growing |url=http://www.heraldpalladium.com/articles/2010/08/09/local_news/1689763.txt |work=The Herald-Palladium |publisher= |date=2010-08-09 |accessdate=2010-08-20 }} 30. ^{{cite book |title=Images of America: St. Joseph and Benton Harbor |first=Elaine Cotsirilos |last=Thomopoulos |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location= |isbn=0-7385-3190-1 |page=50 }} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ironmansteelhead.com/ |title=Maytag Ironman 70.3 Steelhead triathlon |publisher=ironmansteelhead.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-08}} 32. ^1 2 3 4 Royce, Julie Albrecht (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=hMLjOnGC_pAC&pg=PA37 Traveling Michigan's Sunset Coast], p. 37. Dog Ear Publishing. External links{{commons category|Benton Harbor, Michigan}}{{EB1911 Poster|Benton Harbor}}{{Portal|Michigan}}
3 : Cities in Berrien County, Michigan|Populated places on Lake Michigan|1860 establishments in Michigan |
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