| 词条 | Moscow Methodological Circle |
| 释义 |
The Moscow Methodological Circle (MMC) was a scientific organisation set up by Georgy Shchedrovitsky to examine problems from an inter-disciplinary point of view, looking at the various methodological approaches of each discipline to yield what they described as "systemic thinking activity".[1] The MMC started out as an informal group meeting in a pub on Gorky Street which included the mathematician Alexander Zinoviev, the sociologist Boris Grushin and the philosopher Merab Mamardashvili. They attracted the attention of the KGB but were tolerated.[2] LegacyThe MMC has had a lasting impact on Russian systems thinking particularly through the Methodological School of Management. This is acknowledged by Viktor Khristenko. References1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Liborakina |first1=Marina |title=A bridge between past and future |journal=Simulation and Gaming Yearbook |date=1996 |volume=4 |pages=41–48 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4meAFnexIMoC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=Moscow+Methodological+Circle&source=bl&ots=6NtZSjA30G&sig=fM3ESpo23DOpoZGjlmjXCLl1_Bg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJ5LXClcfdAhUrDMAKHYbwCuAQ6AEwA3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Moscow%20Methodological%20Circle&f=false |accessdate=19 September 2018 |publisher=Psychology Press |language=en}} 2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rindzeviciute|first1=Egle|title=The Future as an Intellectual Technology in the Soviet Union: From Centralised Planning to Reflexive Management|journal=Cahiers du monde Russe|date=2015|volume=56|issue=1|pages=111–134|url=https://www.academia.edu/12175485/The_Future_as_an_Intellectual_Technology_in_the_Soviet_Union_From_Centralised_Planning_to_Reflexive_Management|accessdate=1 September 2017}} 1 : Systems thinking |
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