| 词条 | National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses |
| 释义 |
The National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses was a professional organization for African American nurses founded in 1908. FoundationIn 1906, Connecticut nurse Martha Minerva Franklin surveyed African American nurses to see what challenges they faced as a group.[1] Franklin determined that the prestigious American Nurses Association was technically open to African American members, but many State Nurses Associations refused to admit black members. State-level membership was required to join the American Nurses Association and thus, many qualified African American nurses were barred from full membership in the national association.[1] In 1908, fifty-two nurses, including Martha Minerva Franklin and Adah Belle Samuels Thoms, met in New York City and decided to start the NACGN. Franklin was elected president at the first meeting.[2] As they left the meeting they had three main goals: “to advance the standards and best interests of trained nurses, to break down discrimination in the nursing profession, and to develop leadership within the ranks of black nurses. "To do this, the acting presidents of the NACGN not only actively fought for integration by other means but also attended the annual ANA conference to bring awareness to the topic.[2] In 1912, the NACGN had 125 members. By 1920, that number has risen to 500.[3] Adah Belle Samuels Thoms served as the first treasurer of the NACGN before taking over the presidency of the organization in 1916. Toms established a national jobs registry to help black nurses find employment and established the association's first headquarters.[3] During World War I, Thoms campaigned for the American Red Cross to admit African American nurses. This was important because the American Red Cross was the only avenue into the United States Army Nurse Corps. According to Jane Delano, chair of the National Committee on Red Cross Nursing service, the Red Cross was willing to admit black nurses, but the Surgeon General was not. Nurse Frances Reed Elliot was enrolled in the Red Cross in July 1918 but was not immediately assigned. It took the 1918 flu pandemic and the resulting nurse shortage to finally integrate the United States Army Nurse Corps. In December 1918, eighteen African American nurses were appointed to the United States Army Nurse Corps. They were assigned to Camp Grant and Camp Sherman with full rank and pay. Although the patients were not segregated and the nurses were assigned to all services, the African American nurses were housed separately from the white nurses.[4]Carrie E. Bullock served as NACGN president from 1927 to 1930. Bullock worked to increase communication and community among black nurses. In 1928, she founded and edited the NACGN's official newsletter, The National News Bulletin.[3] Mabel Keaton Staupers became the first paid executive secretary of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1934.[5] Stauper's most important accomplishment was the further integration of US military nurses. From 1934 to 1939, Estelle Massey Osborne was NACGN's president.[6] World War IIInitially, the War Department announced that there would be no black nursed called to serve the United States Army Nurse Corps. Staupers and other activists petitioned for the rights of black nurses, and in January 1941, the Army announced a quota of fifty-six black nurses to work at the black military installations at Camp Livingston and Fort Bragg.Staupers continued to campaign for greater inclusion, meeting with Eleanor Roosevelt, white nursing groups, military leaders, and black advocates.[7] By 1943, the number of black nurses serving in the armed forces had increased from 56 to 160. By the end of the war, the War Department was drafting all qualified nurses, regardless of race.[8] In 1943, Congresswoman Frances P. Bolton (R-OH) introduced a bill to create government grants for nursing programs in order to increase the number of trained nurses available during World War II.[9] The Bolton Act (1943) forbid discrimination and brought about an increase in the number of black nursing students in the country.[2] Professional organizations slowly began to increase membership opportunities for black women. In 1942, the National League of Nursing Education changed its by-laws to allow applicants barred from state leagues to directly join the national organization. Follow the national change, several state Leagues of Nursing Education began admitting black members.[2] Integration with the American Nurses AssociationIn 1949, the members of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses unanimously voted to accept a proposed merger with the American Nurses Association. NACGN membership voted the NACGN out of existence in 1951.[2] Notable members
References1. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gWhf3WFS-FsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Martha%252520Minerva%252520Franklin#v=onepage&q=Martha%252520Minerva%252520Franklin&f=false|title=Early Black American Leaders in Nursing: Architects for Integration and Equality|last=Davis|first=Althea T.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9780763710095|language=en}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses records 1908–1958|url=http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20744 |work=Collection overview |accessdate=26 June 2016 |location=Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, NYPL}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56KH2aisL_UC|title=Organizing Black America|last=Mjagkij|first=Nina|date=2013-05-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1135581231|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVLOhGt1BX0C|title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary|last=James|first=Edward T.|last2=James|first2=Janet Wilson|last3=Boyer|first3=Paul S.|last4=College|first4=Radcliffe|date=1971-01-01|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674627345|language=en}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/news/business/profile-of-a-famous-nurse-mabel-keaton-staupers/nQMSf/|title=Profile of a Famous Nurse: Mabel Keaton Staupers|access-date=2016-06-05}} 6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20749 |title=Estelle Massey Osborne papers |publisher=New York Public Library |access-date=July 28, 2017}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELIJD2ErMgwC|title=Women and Health in America: Historical Readings|last=Leavitt|first=Judith Walzer|date=1999-01-01|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299159641|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLhBQAAQBAJ|title=Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America since 1941|last=Lawson|first=Steven F.|date=2014-11-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118836545|language=en}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rochestergeneral.org/about-us/rochester-general-hospital/about-us/rochester-medical-museum-and-archives/online-exhibits/united-states-cadet-nurse-corps-1943-1948/|title=United States Cadet Nurse Corps: 1943–1948|publisher=Rochester General Hospital|access-date=2016-06-05}} 5 : American Nurses Association|1908 establishments in the United States|Medical and health organizations based in Maryland|African-American professional organizations|Nursing organizations in the United States |
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