1. Symptoms

2. Possible causes

3. Treatments

4. Connection to humans

5. Bibliography

Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS) is a syndrome where newborn foals exhibit uncommon behaviors, occurring in three to five percent of live births. These behaviors can include aimless wandering, hypersensitivity to loud sounds and brightness, weakness or coordination issues, and the incapability to nurse. Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome is often referred to as Dummy Foal Syndrome by the equine community due to the aimlessness of the foals, nicknaming them “wanderers” or “dummy foals”.

Symptoms

Often symptoms of NMS do not always exhibit themselves immediately after birth, as foals will at first appear normal. Often it takes a number of hours for the foal’s odd behavior to become noticeable. These behaviors can include:

• Head-pressing
• Inability to find udder or nurse
• Inability to right itself upon standing or walking
• Muscle weakness
• Limited flight reaction
• Sensitivity to light and sound
• Limited reaction to light and sound
• Sensitivity to touch
• Limited reaction to touch
• Licking, chewing or biting stall walls or feeders
• Wandering

In severe cases, a foal can start to experience seizures. These seizures range from short, mild lapses to longer, full body seizures.

Possible causes

While it is unknown exactly what causes NMS, many vets and horse owners believe it is due to a lack of oxygen available to the foal during the very important perinatal period, which means shortly before, during or after the birth (also known as foaling). This could stem from under oxygenated blood flow, decreased blood flow or damaged blood cells. The lack of oxygen could also come from early placenta detachment, where the placenta detaches from the uterus for a longer period of time than normal births. Many things could cause this detachment, although twin births, uterine or urinary infections, low blood pressure and other diseases increase the risk.

Another possible cause, as theorised and researched by the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, could be neurosteroids that are essential and active while the foal is in utero. Foals receive stimulation of certain neurosteroids that keep them “quiet” during gestation. This is important for the health and safety of both mare and foal. If a foal were to move around similarly to humans during gestation, injuries and possible miscarriage could occur. These neurosteroids ensure that the foal remains relatively still in the womb. However, after the birth it is important that these neurosteroids stop. Horses are prey animals, with a strong flight response. If these neurosteroids continue to suppress the movement and reactions of a foal, it would be at a greater risk in the wild. Foals should be up and ready to run around shortly after birth, typically within a few hours. It is thought that the “switch” that changes these neurosteroids occurs during birth. While the foal is moving through the birth canal, the pressure exerted on the foal’s body acts as that switch. Most live births take between 20–40 minutes. It is during this time that the sedative neurosteroids stop production, signally the foal to “wake up”. This theory is supported by the discovery of sedative neurosteroids in the bloodstream of foals, shortly after birth, that develop NMS.The neurosteroids are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. This allows them to affect the central nervous system of the foal.

Treatments

Early diagnosis and intervention is extremely important. While the foal may not be cured, early treatment can vastly increase capabilities and quality of life.

One way to treat a dummy foal is through a mixture of neuroprotective agents, known colloquially as a “dummy jug”. This can allow for treatment of the possible neurosteroids still in the bloodstream, as well as adding additional vitamins through IV fluids. Additional help can come in the form of nasogastric tube feeding or bottle feeding, if the foal is able to bottle feed. While these may not entirely help solve the problem, they won’t negatively affect the foal in any way.

A common treatment for NMS has long been used by farmers, equine vets and breeders. This treatment uses series of ropes and knots wrapped around the foal, then pressure is applied for a set amount of time. While this method has long been used, it wasn’t until 2015 that it was named. The name Madigan Foal Squeeze Procedurecomes from one of the central researchers at UC Davis, a veterinary professor and expert on neonatal equine health named John Madigan. These ropes are applied around the midsection of the foal, and pressure is applied by pulling the ropes with a medium amount of pressure for about 20 minutes. This mimics the pressure felt during active birth. This is thought to help the neurosteroids signal the “off switch”.

The main goals with any treatment for foals with NMS is to ensure proper nourishment in the early hours of life. Foals should begin nursing from the mare within the first couple hours after birth. If they are not, a veterinary physician should be contacted immediately. This can be counteracted by using a nasogastric feeding tube or bottle feeding, as stated above. The next goal is to help the damaged nerve cells in any way possible. This includes protection for healthy cells and stopping to damage to any more cells. This can be done using some approved drugs aimed at preventing or lessening seizures in the foals, and limiting potentially swelling of muscles and brain tissue. This all helps to limit any further damage caused by oxygen deprivation. In any case, an equine veterinarianshould be called and consulted before any treatment is applied. With early intervention and appropriate treatment, studies show that up to 80 percent of foals diagnosed with NMS after brith can make a full recovery and mature into a fully functioning adult.

Connection to humans

The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is currently leading the way in researching NMS in America. They not only looked deeply into possible causes and effective treatments, but also how this syndrome could provide answers to other issues. One standout connection to NMS comes from childhood autism spectrum disorder. The researchers noticed that many symptoms of NMS looked similar to the symptoms of childhood autism and illness. The tactile response from the foals seems to mimic some anecdotal stories of touch helping newborn babies with illnesses. This practice is becoming more and more widespread in the United States, often referred to as kangaroo care, a process where a newborn baby is immediately giving to the mother or father for skin-to-skin contact.

There is also precedent for further research into neurosteroids in humans. Past research has shown that there are similar neurosteroids concentrations in humans as seen in the foals that present with neonatal maladjustment syndrome.

This approach to possible links between human medical science and veterinary science is known as One Health.

Bibliography

Davis, U.C. "UC Davis Global Health." One Health Institute,http://globalhealth.ucdavis.edu/initiatives/one_health.html

Fletcher, Caitlin. “The Complete Guide to Foal Care For Dummies.” Hagyard, 2015, hagyard.com/custdocs/Dummy%20Foals%20March%2015.pdf

Bailey, Pat. “Newborn Horses Give Clues to Autism.” UC Davis, UC Davis Veterinary School of Medicine, 3 Feb. 2015, www.ucdavis.edu/news/newborn-horses-give-clues-autism

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