| 词条 | Pacific Appeal |
| 释义 |
HistoryPacific Appeal was co-founded by Philip Alexander Bell, an African-American civil rights and antislavery activist who had established Weekly Advocate (edited by Samuel Cornish) and worked for William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator,[4] and Peter Anderson, a San Francisco civil rights activist and delegate at the California Colored Citizens Convention.[5] It was the successor to The Mirror of the Times, another San Francisco-based African-American newspaper that had been established in 1855,[3] with the change of name occurring along with a change of proprietor from Judge Mifflin W. Gibbs[8]{{rp|76}}[6]{{rp|8}} to William H. Carter.[8]{{rp|91}} Its contemporaries at the time included the Anglo-African, and it was regarded as the official organ of African-Americans on the Pacific slope.[8]{{rp|91}} The paper’s motto was “He who would be free, himself must strike the blow.”[8]{{rp|92}}[3] It began publishing in April 1862.[1][2] Later, Bell and Anderson would split, with Bell accusing Anderson of becoming less antislavery and more accommodationist.[3] External coverageThe coverage of antislavery and civil rights issues in the first few years has been covered by historians and chroniclers of black abolitionism of the era, including in The Afro-American Press and Its Editors.[7]{{rp|92}}[8][3] Notable contentThe inaugural 1862 volume contained eight antislavery poems, including four poems by San Francisco poet James Madison Bell, writing under the initials JMB.[3] Pacific Appeal also published a number of letters by Emperor Norton, self-proclaimed Emperor of the United States, including his proposals for what would later become the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Transbay Tube.[9][10][11][12]References1. ^1 {{cite web|url = https://archive.org/details/pacificappeal00pand|title = The Pacific Appeal|publisher = Internet Archive|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83027099/|title = About The Pacific appeal. volume (San Francisco, Cal.) 1862-188?|publisher = Library of Congress|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url = http://antislavery.eserver.org/poetry/pacific-appeal-antislavery-poetry-1862|title = Pacific Appeal Antislavery Poetry (1862)|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.blackpast.org/aaw/bell-philip-alexander-1808-1889|title = Bell, Philip Alexander (1808-1889)|publisher = BlackPast.org|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.blackpast.org/aaw/anderson-peter-c-1822-1879|title = Anderson, Peter (c.1822-1879)|publisher = BlackPast.org|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jKU4AAAAIAAJ|title = Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro|author = George William Gore|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y80OAAAAIAAJ|title = The Afro-American Press and Its Editors|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web|url = http://bap.chadwyck.com/infoCenter/infoCenter.do?page=bap_guide_front|title = Black Abolitionist Papers: Front Matter from A Guide to the Microfilm Collection|accessdate = September 7, 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.emperorsbridge.org/emperor/bridge-proclamations/|title = EMPEROR NORTON :: Bridge Proclamations|accessdate = June 3, 2017|publisher = The Emperor's Bridge Campaign}} 10. ^{{cite web|url = https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=PA18720106.2.7&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------|title = Emperor Norton Bridge Proclamation I|date = January 6, 1872|accessdate = June 3, 2017|author = Emperor Norton|publisher = Pacific Appeal}} 11. ^{{cite web|url = https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=PA18720323.2.3&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------|title = Emperor Norton Second Bridge Proclamation|date = March 23, 1872|accessdate = June 3, 2017|author = {{w|Emperor Norton}}|publisher = Pacific Appeal}} 12. ^{{cite web|url = https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=PA18720615.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------|title = Emperor Norton Transbay Tube Declaration|author = Emperor Norton|publisher = Pacific Appeal}} 7 : African-American newspapers|Publications established in 1862|Publications disestablished in 1880|Defunct newspapers of California|Newspapers published in San Francisco|1862 establishments in California|1880 disestablishments in the United States |
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