| 词条 | Philip Joiner |
| 释义 |
Philip Joiner was a delegate to the 1867 constitutional convention in Georgia[1] and an elected representative to the Georgia Assembly in 1868. He and other African Americans were prohibited from taking office by their colleagues in the Georgia Assembly. Federal intervention in 1870 overruled the discriminatory exclusion. A month after being barred from taking office he was a leader of a march from Albany, Georgia to Camilla, Georgia. Participants were shot at and attacked at the Republican campaign rally in Camilla, including by the sheriff. Joiner submitted his testimony on the event to the Freedmen Bureau's O.H. Howard.[2] Many were killed and wounded in the attack on freedmen. It was commemorated 100 years after it happened as the Camilla massacre.[3] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR6TDXuexJ4C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=philip+joiner+dougherty&source=bl&ots=Tq_r1o6hbh&sig=xSecDMsjXWhwc9yljtMXU1l-0xQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCueyNjoPaAhVPgK0KHQdZALMQ6AEwB3oECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=philip+joiner+dougherty&f=false|title=Grace Towns Hamilton and the Politics of Southern Change|first1=Lorraine Nelson|last1=Spritzer|first2=Jean B.|last2=Bergmark|date=1 February 2009|publisher=University of Georgia Press|via=Google Books}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Joiner, Philip}}2. ^[https://www.umbrasearch.org/catalog/b52a7254aa90525d6e006eb8ced6ba089b400ab3 Affidavit of Philip Joiner]: Albany, Georgia, 1868 September 23 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.todayingeorgiahistory.org/content/camilla-massacre|title=The Camilla Massacre|publisher=}} 3 : African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era|African-American state legislators in Georgia (U.S. state)|Original 33 |
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