| 词条 | Pitapita |
| 释义 |
The Pitapita or Pitta Pitta were an indigenous Australian people of the state of Queensland. CountryThe Pitapita's precise geographical borders are not known, since the earliest detailed account of them, by Walter Roth, included numerous subtribes and hordes in a somewhat confusing presentation.{{efn|'The tribes indigenous to the Boulia district can therefore only be located within certain limits, as follows:—The Boinji, Dungadungara, Tunnateunnea, Bingo-Hingo, &c., in the neighbourhood of Marion Downs, the Pitta-Pitta at Boulia, the Ooloopooloo at Bedouri, the Eukkia and Tinka-Tinki at Cooraboolka, the B, ungo-Eungo in the country between Herbert and Roxburgh Downs, the Koonkoolenya at Mooraboola, the Kwokwa and Weelko at PilJiou Creei, the Tellunga along Noranside and the Burke River, the Tunda at Booloo-Booloo, Warenda, Muckunda Creek, and Tooleybuck, the Karanya at Cluny, the Tuntauntaya at Breadalbane, the Ulaolinya at Carlo (vel Mungerebar) and Upper Mulligan River, the Miorli at Springvale, the Lakes, Cork, and Middle Diamantina River, the Wonkajera in the neighbourhood of Glenormiston (vel Idamea) and Herbert Downs, &c..'{{sfn|Roth|1897|p=41}}}} Norman Tindale remarked that the precise tribal distribution was impossible to determine on the basis of Roth's data but that their area was in the present day Shire of Boulia, extending from Fort William in the north, through Boulia and some 50 miles south of the district, suggesting a territorial range of roughly {{convert|2,700|mi2|km2}}.{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=184}} History of contactOpening up the country to white settlement led to the displacement of numerous tribes in the area from their traditional grounds, and "with privation, disease, alcohol and lead", whole communities were annihilated. By the time of his sojourn at Boulia, Roth goes on to estimate that, as with most tribes in the area, the Pitapita were suffering from a rapid demographic collapse, and he stated that no more than 200 probably remained in the whole of the district.{{sfn|Roth|1897|p=41}} Social organization and ritesThe Pitapita practiced both circumcision and subincision as part of their initiatory rites. Native titleIn 2012 a Federal Court awarded the Pitapita native title rights to 30,000 square kilometres of land in the Boulia region.{{sfn|Tapp|2012}} Alternative names
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Notes{{notelist}}CitationsSources{{refbegin|30em}}
| publisher = AIATSIS | url = https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/aiatsis-map-indigenous-australia | ref = {{harvid|AIATSIS}} }}
| last = Eglinton | first = Ernest | year = 1886 | title = The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent | editor-last = Curr | editor-first = Edward Micklethwaite | editor-link = Edward Micklethwaite Curr | volume = Volume 2 | pages = 364–365 | publisher = J. Ferres | location = Melbourne | chapter-url = https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf | ref = harv }}
| last = Roth | first = W. E. | author-link = Walter Roth | year = 1897 | publisher = Edmund Gregory, Government Printer | location = Brisbane | url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924029890328 | format = PDF | ref = harv }}
| last = Tapp | first = Virginia | date= 29 August 2012 | publisher = ABC rural | url = http://www.abc.net.au/site-archive/rural/news/content/201208/s3578322.htm | ref = harv }}
| last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | author-link = Norman Tindale | year = 1974 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names | publisher = Australian National University Press | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pitapita.htm | isbn = 978-0-708-10741-6 | ref = harv }}{{refend}}{{Aboriginal peoples of Queensland}} 1 : Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
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