| 词条 | Alesia (city) |
| 释义 |
|name = Alesia |image = Alise-Sainte-Reine statue Vercingetorix par Millet 2.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Vercingetorix Memorial in Alesia |map_type = France |coordinates = {{coord|47.537|4.500|display=inline}} |location = {{lang|fr|Alise-Sainte-Reine}} |region = Burgundy, France |type = Circular rampart or {{lang|la|oppidum}} |area = {{circa}} {{convert|140|ha}} |builder = Celts, later Roman |material = Stone, earth, wood |built = |abandoned = |epochs = Iron Age |cultures = Celts, La Tène later Gallo-Roman |event = |excavations = |archaeologists= {{Interlanguage link multi|Eugène Stoffel|fr}}, {{Interlanguage link multi|Michel Reddé|fr}}, {{Interlanguage link multi|Siegmar von Schnurbein|de}} |condition = |ownership = |public_access = Yes |website = |notes = }} Alesia was the capital of the Mandubii, one of the Gallic tribes allied with the Aedui. The Celtic {{lang|la|oppidum}} was conquered by Julius Caesar during the Gallic Wars and afterwards became a Gallo-Roman town. Its location was controversial for a long time. It is today considered to have been located on {{lang|fr|Mont-Auxois}}, near {{lang|fr|Alise-Sainte-Reine}} in Burgundy, France. HistoryBattle of Alesia{{main article|Battle of Alesia}}Alesia is best known for being the site of the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC that marked the defeat of the Gauls under Vercingetorix by the Romans under Julius Caesar. Caesar described the battle in detail in his {{lang|la|Commentarii de Bello Gallico}} (Book VII, 69–90). The battle's outcome determined the fate of all of Gaul: in winning the battle, the Romans won both the Gallic Wars and dominion over Gaul. The enormous measures taken during the battle were impressive: in only six weeks, Caesar's troops built a ring of fortifications {{Cvt|15|km||abbr=}} long (circumvallation) around Alesia and an additional ring {{Cvt|21|km||abbr=}} long (contravallation) around that to stop reinforcements (around 250,000 men according to Caesar) from reaching the Gauls. Roman {{lang|la|vicus}}After being conquered by Caesar, Alesia became a Gallo-Roman town. It featured a town centre with monumental buildings such as temples and a forum. There was also a theatre.[1]{{rp|32}} Geography and locationFor a long time after the abandonment of the Roman town, the location of Alesia and thus the site of the important battle was unknown and subject to speculation. In the 19th century, Emperor Napoleon III developed an interest in the location of this crucial battle in pre-French history. He was writing a biography of Caesar and saw the command of Vercingetorix over all Gaulish armies as a symbol of the French nation. At the same time he realized that the future French nation was heavily influenced by the Roman victory and centuries of rule over Gaul. In 1838, a find with the inscription: {{lang|la|IN ALISIIA}}, had been discovered near Alise-Sainte-Reine in the department {{lang|fr|Côte-d'Or}} near Dijon. Napoleon ordered an archaeological excavation by {{Interlanguage link multi|Eugène Stoffel|fr}} around {{lang|fr|Mont-Auxois}}. These excavations in 1861–65 concentrated on the vast Roman siege lines and indicated that the historical Alesia was indeed located there.[1]{{rp|32–33}} The {{lang|la|oppidum}} was located on a plateau of {{circa}} {{convert|97|ha}}, around {{convert|200|m}} above the valley floor, surrounded by steep cliffs in every direction except at the eastern and western extremities.[1]{{rp|32}} It was protected by a wall ({{lang|la|Murus Gallicus}}) enclosing an area of up to 140 hectares, pierced by at least two pincer gates and in 52 BC it possibly had a population of 80,000 including refugees and men under the command of Vercingetorix.[2][3] Later archaeological analysis at {{lang|fr|Alise-Sainte-Reine}} has corroborated the described siege in detail. The remains of siege rings said to match Caesar’s descriptions have been identified by archaeologists using aerial photography (e.g. by {{lang|fr|René Goguey}}). Franco-German excavations led by {{Interlanguage link multi|Michel Reddé|fr}} and {{Interlanguage link multi|Siegmar von Schnurbein|de}} in 1991–97 confirmed these findings and effectively ended the long debate among archaeologists about the location of Alesia.[1]{{rp|32}} Alternative theories on Alesia’s locationThere have been other theories about Alesia's location that claimed it was in {{lang|fr|Franche-Comté}} or around {{lang|fr|Salins-les-Bains}} in Jura. In the 1960s, a French archaeologist, {{Interlanguage link multi|André Berthier|fr}}, proposed that the location of Alesia is at {{lang|fr|Chaux-des-Crotenay}} in {{lang|fr|Franche-Comté}}, at the gate of the Jura mountains—a place that better suits the descriptions in Caesar's Gallic Wars[4]—and indeed, Roman fortifications have been found at that site. In total, around 40 towns and other locations have claimed to be the site of Alesia.[5] ReceptionThe uncertainty surrounding Alesia's location is humorously parodied in the Asterix comic book Asterix and the Chieftain's Shield, in which, in this case because of Gaulish pride, characters repeatedly deny that they know its location: "I don't know where Alesia is! No one knows where Alesia is!". TodayPart of the area has become the {{lang|fr|MuséoParc Alésia}}. Not much of the Gallic {{lang|la|oppidum}} is visible today, except for some remains of a rampart. Most of the ruins date to the town’s Roman period.[1]{{rp|32–33}} A large copper statue of Vercingetorix, made in 1865 by {{lang|fr|Aimé Millet}} stands at the western end of the plateau.[5] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Rieckhoff |first1=Sabine |last2=Fichtl |first2=Stephan |title=Keltenstädte aus der Luft |trans-title=Celtic Cities from the Sky |language=de |publisher=WBG |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-8062-2242-5 |pages= }} 2. ^{{Google books |id=hW6lZS26-Q8C |page=89 |title=Caesar's Gallic Wars: 58–50 BC }} 3. ^{{Google books |id=1MJ9HPsGsrUC |page=389 |title=Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate }} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463603824|title=Alésia|last=Berthier|first=André|date=1990|publisher=Nouv. éd. latines|others=Wartelle, André, 1930-2001., Guillaumin, Jean-Yves, 1951- ..., Mulon, Marianne., Florenne, Yves, 1918-1992., Impr. SADAG)|isbn=2723304132|location=Paris|pages=|oclc=463603824}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article107288208/Alesia-Wo-Caesar-den-Vercingetorix-vernichtete.html |title=Alesia – Wo Caesar den Vercingetorix vernichtete |language=German |work=Die Welt |date=18 April 2013 |accessdate=2 September 2014 }} External links
5 : Oppida|Populated places in pre-Roman Gaul|Archaeological sites in France|Roman towns and cities in Burgundy|Former populated places in France |
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