1. Massachusetts Bay
    Arrival and settlements  The scarlet letter 

2. Providence Plantations
    Arrival and settlements  Plantation Agreement of 1640  Gorton controversy 

3. Life and family

4. Notable descendants

5. Notes

6. References
    Citations  Bibliography 

7. External links

Robert Coles ({{circa|1600}}–1655) was a 17th-century New England colonist who arrived on the Winthrop Fleet. A miller and farmer by trade, he is best known for his scarlet-letter punishment in Massachusetts Bay Colony and his role in establishing the Providence Plantations, now the state of Rhode Island, where he helped frame a new form of government.

In Massachusetts Bay, Coles was a first settler of Roxbury and Agawam, now Ipswich, and an early settler of Salem. After repeated fines for drunkenness he was forced to wear a red letter "D" as a badge of shame. He left Massachusetts Bay to join Roger Williams at Providence where he was one of the new colony's 13 original proprietors and a founding member of the First Baptist Church in America. Coles co-authored the Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640, which established a secular, representative democracy. In the Providence Plantations he was a first settler of Pawtuxet and an early settler of Shawomet, now the Rhode Island towns of Cranston and Warwick.

Massachusetts Bay

Arrival and settlements

Robert Coles arrived in New England in the summer of 1630 as a passenger in the Winthrop Fleet. In October of that year he petitioned the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court in Boston to become a freeman and in 1631 he took the oath.{{sfn|Stewart|2015}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=436}}

In 1630, Coles was among the first settlers of the town of Roxbury and in 1631 he was a founding member of the First Church of Roxbury, which was then non-separating Congregationalist.{{sfn|Ellis|1847|p=15}}{{Sfn|Thwing|1908|p=45}}{{Sfn|Drake|1878|p=290}} In 1632, he was one of two townsmen elected to represent Roxbury in the General Court.{{Sfn|Cole|1887|p=89}}{{sfn|Shurtleff|1853|p=95}} In 1633, Coles was in the first company, led by John Winthrop the Younger, that went to Agawam where he was granted a large home lot on the Ipswich River at present-day East and Cogswell Streets and 200 acres on the neck of land north of town.{{Sfn|Hammatt|1854|p=62}}{{sfn|Waters|1905|pp=15,60}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=444}} In 1635, he moved to Salem where he received a home lot in town and 300 acres of farmland south of Felton Hill "in the place where his cattle are by Brooksby."{{sfn|Upham|1867|pp=88,85,XXV}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=444}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=436}}

The scarlet letter

In 1631, Robert Coles was fined five marks (about £3) for drunkenness with Edward Gibbons and Mr. Shepheard aboard the Friendship and with Samuel Maverick at Winnissimet, now Chelsea.{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=18}} The Friendship was carrying two hogsheads (more than 120 gallons) of flavored mead called metheglin.{{sfn|Adams|1896|p=356}} Gibbons was "one of the Merry Mount Society who chose rather to Dance about a May pole...than to hear a good Sermon...."{{sfn|Adams|1896|p=355}} Maverick was a wealthy Anglican "of loving and courteous behavior, very ready to entertain strangers."{{sfn|Wilson|Fiske|1888|p=167}}

In 1632, Coles was fined £1 for drunkenness at Charlestown. He was required to appear before the General Court and the Court of Assistants to publicly confess.{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=21}}

In 1633, John Shatswell and Robert Coles were charged with drunkenness at Agawam. John Shatswell was fined £2 for drunkenness, but Coles was fined £10 for multiple offenses: drunkenness, encouraging Shatswell's wife to drink, and "intiseing her to incontinency{{efn|Incontinency, or adultery, was a capital offense ("...both shalbe punished by death"{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=19}}) and not a misdemeanor, so he was more likely convicted of merely "enticing" and not fornication.}} and other misdemeanor." Coles was also sentenced "to stand with a whte sheete of pap on his back wherein a drunkard shalbe written in great letters, & stand therewith soe longe as the Court thinks meete...."{{Sfn|Noble|1904|p=34-35}}

In 1634, Coles was disenfranchised and forced to wear a red letter "D" for drunkenness in Roxbury:

The court orders that Robert Coles, for drunkenness by him committed at Roxbury shall be disfranchized, weare about his necke & soe to hange upon his outward garment a D made of redd clothe & sett upon white, to contynue this for a yeare & not to leave it off at any tyme when hee comes amongst company....{{Sfn|Noble|1904|p=41}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}}

Coles was re-enfranchised just two months later and was never again charged with drunkenness.{{Sfn|Salinger|2004|p=111}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}} However, his wife, Mary, was accused of intemperance in the Roxbury church records, where it was noted that "after her husband's excommunication and falls, she did too much favor his ways...."{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}}{{efn|From the Roxbury church records: "Mary Cole, the wife of Robert Cole. God also wrought vpon her heart (as it was hoped after her coming to NE) but after her husband's excommunication, & falls she did too much favor his ways, yet not as to incur any just blame, she lived an aflicted life, by reason of his vnsetlednesse & removing fro place to place."{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}}}}

Robert Coles and his red-letter punishment is mentioned in Anya Seton's 1958 bestselling historical novel, The Winthrop Woman, about the governor's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Fones.{{sfn|Seton|1958|p=243}} Some scholars argue that Coles's punishment was among those Nathaniel Hawthorne had in mind when he wrote the 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, which chronicles the struggles of a fictional woman sentenced to wear a red letter for adultery.{{sfn|Beers|1895|p=24}}{{sfn|Orians|1952|p=429}}{{sfn|Pennell|Hawthorne|2018|p=31}}

Providence Plantations

Arrival and settlements

In 1635, Roger Williams—a Salem preacher who advocated for church-state separation and Native American land rights—was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony{{Sfn|Warren|2018|p=54}} and in 1636 he acquired land from Canonicus and Miantonomi, the chief sachems of the Narragansett people, to create Providence Plantation.{{Sfn|Warren|2018|p=63}} By 1637, Robert Coles moved from Salem to Providence and the following year he became one of Providence's first 13 proprietors and a founding member of the first Baptist church congregation in America.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=445–446}}{{sfn|King|Wilcox|1908|p=187}} At the inaugural church meeting, at least twelve settlers gathered together with Roger Williams who, after being baptized by Ezekiel Holliman, baptized Coles and the others.{{sfn|Winthrop|Hosmer|1966|p=297}}

Each of the original proprietors received a narrow, five- or six-acre, river-front home lot that stretched eastward from Towne Street, now Main Street, to "a highway," now Hope Street in present-day College Hill, Providence, and they received shares of upland and meadow on the south side of town.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=446}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|p=27}} Robert Coles's home lot was on the Great Salt Cove between the lots of Thomas Olney and William Carpenter and along the ancient "highway" called the Wampanoag trail, now Meeting Street. The land granted to him south of town laid east of Mashapaug Pond.{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|pp=65,13}}{{sfn|Greene|1890|p=280}}

In 1638, Roger Williams purchased land from the Pawtuxet sachem Socononoco that stretched from the meadows on the Pawtuxet River southward to Conimicut Point.{{sfn|Chapin|1926|pp=138–139}}{{Sfn|Rogers|1899|p=31}} Coles's share included an inland meadow and land at Passeonkquis Cove and Namquid, now called Gaspee Point, and he was granted permission by the Pawtuxet tribe to graze cattle on their farmland in the winter.{{sfn|Chapin|1926|pp=138–139}} Soon after the 1638 purchase, Coles built a home on the Pawtuxet River near the falls in present-day Pawtuxet Village.{{Sfn|Rogers|1899|p=99}}{{sfn|Field|1902|p=32}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|p=67}} By 1648—the year Shawomet was renamed to honor the Earl of Warwick—he was listed as a townsmen of Warwick, where he erected his mill and resided for the remainder of his life.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=454}}{{sfn|Conley|2010|p=46}}{{sfn|Reibold|1998|pp=13–14}}

Plantation Agreement of 1640

In 1640, Robert Coles, Chad Brown, William Harris, and John Warner co-authored the Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640, which was titled the "Report of Arbitrators at Providence, containing proposals for a form of Government" and referred to as the Combination. It was ratified by 39 male and female townsmen.{{sfn|Rhode Island|Bartlett|1856|pp=27–31}} The Combination is listed among the colonial documents that influenced American constitutionalism.{{sfn|Lutz|1998|p=36}}

The Combination replaced the direct democracy of the original compact of 1637 with a representative, democratic government designed to solve disputes, especially land disputes.{{sfn|Keary|1996|p=273}} It contained 12 articles that defined the borders of Providence, created an elected board of arbitrators and an appeals process, created town offices, and affirmed the separation of church and state as the determination "to hold forth liberty of conscience." The Combination resolved the problem of assembling a quorum of busy townsmen to make decisions, but it left open how those decisions would be enforced.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=34}}{{Sfn|Bayles|1891|pp=148–151}}

Gorton controversy

In 1641, Coles and John Greene gave Samuel Gorton—a religious leader and agitator fleeing Portsmouth—some of their land in Pawtuxet.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=61}}{{sfn|Chapin|1916|p=144}} The parcel Coles gave to Gorton was at Papaquinapaug, the region near present-day Fenner Pond south of Roger Williams Park.{{sfn|Gorton|1907|p=38}}{{sfn|Chapin|1916|p=145}} To Coles's dismay, Gorton and his followers, the Gortonites, rejected the authority of the Plantation Agreement of 1640 and became embroiled in bitter disputes.{{Sfn|McLoughlin|1976|p=17}} The trouble began when the Providence arbitrators voted to settle a dispute by seizing some cattle owned by a Gortonite named Francis Weston. The Gortonites fought off the townsmen sent to take the cattle.{{sfn|D'Amato|2001|p=23}} Seeking a way to expel the Gortonites from Pawtuxet, Coles and three other original Pawtuxet settlers—William Arnold, William Carpenter, and Benedict Arnold—traveled to Boston in 1642 to petition the General Court to place their land under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay Colony.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=62}} The General Court made Coles and the other three petitioners justices of the peace.{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=3}} The Gortonites moved south to Shawomet, out of the jurisdiction of the justices and Massachusetts Bay, where they purchased 90 square miles from the sachem Miantonomi.{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=3-4}} Benedict Arnold convinced Socononoco and Pomham, the sachems of Pawtuxet and Shawomet, to complain to Massachusetts Bay that they did not agree to the sale.{{sfn|D'Amato|2001|p=24}} In 1643, Gorton and some Gortonites were arrested by Massachusetts Bay soldiers after a violent struggle and taken to Boston to stand trial.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=62}}{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=5}}

Life and family

Robert Coles was born {{circa|1600}} probably in England{{efn|Claims about his place of origin and parentage remain unproven.}} and died in 1655 in Warwick, Providence Plantations.{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}}{{sfn|Stiles|1901|p=174}}

Coles was said to suffer from "vnsetlednesse & removing frō place to place."{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}} Notwithstanding, and indeed because of, his unsettledness he acquired hundreds of acres of land in Massachusetts Bay and the Providence Plantations. In 1650, of the 50 tax-payers in Providence, Benedict Arnold paid the highest property tax while five townsmen—Coles, William Arnold, Richard Scott, William Field, and William Carpenter—paid the second highest tax.{{sfn|Rogers|1899|p=33}} After Coles died intestate in 1655, the Warwick town council settled his debts and distributed assets of about £400 to his heirs, which was a large estate for the time. The settlement included the sale of the "Mill of Warwick" and land in Pawtuxet to establish a trust worth £170 for his minor children.{{sfn|Drake|1858|pp=303–304}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=454–457}}

His religious life, too, was unsettled. He was excommunicated by his Puritan church in Massachusetts Bay, which may have contributed to his moving to Providence.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=447}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}} In Providence, he was a founding member of the Baptist church, but it was later said that, in lieu of Christian worship, he "usually conversed with and was conversant amongst the Indians on the Sabbath days" to learn about Native American religion.{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=361}}{{efn|According to Samuel Gorton, "...Robert Cole whom they had censured to weare a D on his back for a whole year, to proclaim unto all men his guiltiness of the sin of drunkenness and had also cast him out of their Church, and delivered him unto Satan several times, who before, and in the time of this his submission usually conversed with, and was conversant amongst the Indians on the Sabbath days, professing the Indians' religion to be the same with that which the Massachusetts professed and practised."{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=447}}}}

Coles occasionally fell out with his indigenous neighbors. In 1649, Nanheggen of Pawtuxet and Wesuontup of Mashapaug were accused of breaking into the Providence homes of Coles and Jane Sears. Nanheggen, who was one of Coles's workers, was convicted by a jury while Wesuontup was acquitted.{{sfn|Rogers|1899|pp=24–25}} In 1652, Coles sold a mastiff dog to Ninigret, the sachem of the Niantic people. The dog ran away from Ninigret and returned to Coles who killed it, possibly to protect poultry or livestock. Coles was fined after Ninigret pressed charges.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=451,453,454}}{{sfn|Fisher|Silverman|2014|p=77}}

Coles was married twice. He and his first wife, Mary, appeared together for the first time in the records of the Roxbury church.{{Sfn|Thwing|1908|p=45}} Because Mary's death was recorded in an undated note in Roxbury church records, it is thought she died before he moved to Providence.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=439}} His second wife, Mary Hawxhurst ({{circa|1602}}–1656), was the daughter of Sampson Hawxhurst (1571–1627), vicar of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, England, and Elizabeth.{{Sfn|Stiles|1900|p=174}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=439}}{{efn|Robert Coles's first son, John, refers to Mary Hawxhurst as his "mother-in-law" in 1655, confirming she was his stepmother.{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}}}} After Robert Coles's death, Mary Hawxhurst married Matthias Harvey and moved to Oyster Bay on Long Island.{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=362}}

Robert Coles had at least seven children, four of whom were under 18 years of age when he died. His children by his first wife, Mary, were John Coles (m. Ann), Deliverance Coles (m. Richard Townsend), and Ann Coles (m. Henry Townsend). His children by his second wife, Mary Hawxhurst, were Daniel Coles (m. Mahershalalhasbaz Gorton, daughter of Samuel Gorton), Nathaniel Coles (m. Martha Jackson, Deborah Wright, Sarah Harcurt), Sarah Coles (m. Captain Thomas Townsend), and Captain Robert Coles Jr. (m. Mercy Wright).{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=364}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}}

Three of Coles's daughters married into the Townsend family. The Townsends came to Warwick after conflicts over religious liberty with authorities in the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Ann Coles's husband, Henry Townsend, was fined and imprisoned more than once in New Netherland for hosting Quaker meetings and political agitation.{{efn|Henry Townsend signed the Flushing Remonstrance in 1657 which protested the persecution of Quakers and others in New Netherland.{{sfn|Townsend|1909|p=68}}}} The Townsends later settled in Oyster Bay, which was out of Dutch jurisdiction.{{sfn|Townsend|1909|p=68}}

Three of Coles's sons—Robert Jr., Nathaniel, and Daniel Coles—were original proprietors of Musketa Cove Plantation, now the town of Glen Cove, New York, near Oyster Bay.{{sfn|Petrash|2005}} The home that Robert Coles Jr. built in 1668 in Musketa Cove still stands.{{sfn|Russell}}

Notable descendants

The descendants of Robert Coles include industrialist Walter Chrysler (1875–1940) who founded the Chrysler Corporation,{{sfn|BYU}} actors Tom Selleck (1945–){{sfn|Hall}} and Richard Jordan (1937–1993),{{sfn|BYU}} novelist Miriam Coles Harris (1834–1925),{{sfn|Faust|1983|pp=301–303}} American Revolutionary War spies Robert Townsend (1753–1838) and Sarah "Sally" Townsend (1760–1842) who were siblings and members of the secret Culper Ring,{{sfn|Misencik|2016|pp=6,194}} spy Jesse Coles (1757–1839) who was captured while carrying a message to General Washington,{{sfn|Carpenter|1901|pp=170–171}} and Robert R. Coles (1907–1985) who was chairman of the Hayden Planetarium.{{sfn|Waggoner|1985|p=D00027}}

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

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• {{cite book|last1=McLoughlin|first1=William G.|authorlink1=William G. McLoughlin|title=Rhode Island: A History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York City|year=1976|ref=CITEREFMcLoughlin1976}}
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• {{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Horatio|authorlink1=Horatio Rogers|title=The Early Records of the Town of Providence|volume=XV|publisher=Snow & Farnham|location=Providence, RI|year=1899|ref=CITEREFRogers1899}}
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• {{Cite journal| last1=Greene|first1=Welcome A.|title= The History of a Ferry|journal=The Narragansett Historical Register: A Magazine Devoted to the Antiquities, Genealogy and Historical Matter Illustrating the History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|year=1890 |volume=8|pages=274–301 |publisher=Narragansett Historical Publishing Company|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Keary|first1= Anne|year=1996 |title= Retelling the History of the Settlement of Providence: Speech, Writing, and Cultural Interaction on Narragansett Bay|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=69|number=2|pages=250–286|ref=CITEREFKeary1996}}
• {{cite journal |last1= Orians|first1= G. Harrison|year=1952 |title= Hawthorne and Puritan Punishments|journal=College English|volume=13|number=8|pages=424–432|ref=CITEREFOrians1952}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Tompkins |first=Hamilton Bullock |title=Benedict Arnold, First Governor of Rhode Island (A paper read before the Newport Historical Society) |journal=Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society |volume=30 |pages=1–18 |date=October 1919 |ref=CITEREFTompkins1919}}

• {{Cite web|last=BYU|url=https://www.relativefinder.org/#/relatives/all/L8BB-56R|title=Exploring Relatives for Robert Coles|website=www.relativefinder.org|accessdate =September 15, 2018| ref =CITEREFBYU}}
• {{cite web| last =Hall| first =Rich| publisher =famouskin.com | title =Family relationship of Robert Coles and Tom Selleck via Robert Coles| url =https://famouskin.com/famous-kin-chart.php?name=46964+robert+coles&kin=45511+tom+selleck|accessdate =September 15, 2018| ref =CITEREFHall}}
• {{cite web| last1=Petrash|first1=Antonia| last2=Stern|first2=Carol | first3=Carol |last3=McCrossen | url=https://www.glencovelibrary.org/local-history/history-of-glen-cove/ | title= History of Glen Cove| publisher=Glen Cove Public Library |year= 2005 |accessdate =July 7, 2018| ref =CITEREFPetrash2005}}
• {{cite web| last =Russell |first =Daniel E. | publisher =City of Glen Cove, New York | title =The Robert Coles Homestead (1668)| url = http://www.glencoveheritage.com/legacy_site/coleshomestead.pdf| accessdate =August 14, 2018| ref =CITEREFRussell}}
• {{cite web| last =Stewart| first =Marcia| publisher =The Winthrop Society | title =The Freemen of Massachusetts Bay 1630—1636| url =https://www.winthropsociety.com/doc_freemen.php| year=2005|accessdate =July 7, 2018| ref =CITEREFStewart2015}}
• {{Cite news|title=Robert Coles, L.I. Historian and Ex-chief of Planetarium|newspaper=The New York Times |last=Waggoner|first=Walter H.|date=April 4, 1985|accessdate=November 11, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/23/nyregion/robert-coles-li-historian-and-ex-chief-of-planetarium.html|ref=harv}}

External links

• Map of Coles's home lot in Providence (findingrogerwilliams.com)
• [https://goo.gl/maps/SgpjRTpCunq Location of Coles's home lot in Providence (map.google.com)]
• [https://archive.org/stream/ipswichinmassach00water#page/n442/mode/1up Map of Coles's home lot in Agawam (archive.org)]
• [https://goo.gl/maps/SkmQXnFRMC22 Location of Coles's home lot in Agawam (map.google.com)]
• Map of Coles's farmland (plot XXIV) near Salem (gutenberg.org)
• [https://goo.gl/maps/r6Sk1nMbhSw Location of Coles's farmland (plot XXIV) near Salem (map.google.com)]
• Full text of Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640 (TeachingAmericanHistory.org)

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