| 词条 | Bharadwaja |
| 释义 |
| name = Bharadwaja भरद्वाज | image = Bharadwaja.jpg | alt = Bhardwaja | caption = An early 19th-century painting showing Bharadwaja | children = Drona, Garga, Ilavida and Katyayani | father = Bṛhaspati | mother = Mamata[1] }} Bharadwaja, also referred to as Bharadvaja (IAST: {{lang|sa-Latn|Bharadvāja}}) or Bharadvaja Bṛhaspatya, was one of the revered Vedic sages (rishi) in Ancient India, who was a renowned scholar, economist and an eminent physician. His contributions to the ancient Indian literature, mainly in Puranas and Rig Veda, played a significant role in giving an insight to the then Indian society.[2][1][2] He and his family of students are considered the authors of the sixth book of the Rigveda.[3] Bharadwaja was father of warrior Brahmin Droṇācārya,[4] a main character in Mahabharata who was an instructor to both Pandava and Kaurava princes. He was grandfather of Aśvatthāma, a legendary warrior in Mahabharata. Both Droncharya and Ashwatthama fought in different battles of Mahabharata alongside Kauravas. Bharadwaja is also mentioned in Charaka Samhita, an authoritative ancient Indian medical text. Maharishi Bharadwaj is considered as the "Father of Medicine" (Ayurveda) He is one of the Saptaṛṣis (seven great sages or Maharṣis).[5] HistoryHis full name in Vedic texts is Bharadvaja Barhaspatya, the last name referring to his father and Vedic sage Brihaspati. His mother was Mamata, the wife of Utathya Rishi who was the elder brother of Brhaspati.[6] He is one of the seven rishis mentioned four times in the Rigveda as well as in the Shatapatha Brahmana, thereafter revered in the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[7] In later Puranic legends, he is stated to be the son of Vedic sage Atri.[8] In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as Digha Nikaya, Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The Buddha names ten rishis, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Bharadvaja.[5][9]{{refn|group=note|The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".[9]}} The ancient Hindu medical treatise Charaka Samhita attributes Bharadvaja learning medical sciences from god Indra, after pleading that "poor health was disrupting the ability of human beings from pursuing their spiritual journey", and then Indra provides both the method and specifics of medical knowledge.[10]{{Sfn|Kaviratna|Sharma|1913|pp=ii–iii, 1–3 (Volume 1 of 5)}} The word Bharadvaja is a compound Sanskrit from "bhara(d) and vaja(m)", which together mean "bringing about nourishment".[11] Bhardvaja is considered to be the initiator of the Bhardvāja gotra of the Brahmin caste.[2] Bharadvaja is the third in the row of the Pravara Rishis (Aangirasa, Barhaspatya, Bharadvaja) and is the first in the Bharadvaja Gotris, with the other two rishis also being initiators of Gotras with their respective names. TextsBharadvaja and his family of students are the authors of the sixth mandala of the Rigveda, one of the "family books" in this text.[3][2] He and his students are also the attributed authors of other Rigvedic hymns such as 10.87, 10.152 and 10.155.[12] Bharadvaja and his family of students were the traditional poets of king Marutta of the Vedic era, in the Hindu texts.[13] Bharadvaja is a revered sage in the Hindu traditions, and like other revered sages, numerous treatises composed in ancient and medieval era are reverentially named after him. Some treatises named after him or attributed to him include:
Epics and Puranic mythologiesAccording to one legend, Bharadvaja married Susheela and had a son named Garga and a daughter named Devavarshini. According to some other legends, Bharadvaja had two daughters named Ilavida and Katyayani, who married Vishrava and Yajnavalkya respectively.[24] According to Vishnu Purana, Bharadwaja had a brief liaison with an apsara named Ghritachi, and together they had a child who grew up into a warrior-Brahmin named Droṇācārya. Bharadvaja is therefore directly linked to two important characters of the epic Mahabharata — Dronacharya and Aśvatthāma, the son of Dronacharya.[25] According to the Mahabharata, Bharadvaja trained Drona in the use of weapons.[26] RāmāyaṇaIn the epic Ramayana, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana meet Bharadvaja at his asrama (hermitage) at the start of their fourteen-year exile. The sage asks them to stay with him through the exile,but they insist on going deeper into the forest to Chitrakuta which is three kosla away from ashram. Bharadvaja gives them directions. Also Bharath along with Sumanth received at Ashram by Bharadvaja while Bharath went on to forest in search of Lord Ram for re-union and to bring Lord Rama, Sita and Laxmana back to Ayodhya.[27] He reappears at various times in the epic. According to James Lochtefeld, the Bharadvaja in the Ramayana is different from the Vedic sage mentioned in Panini's Ashtadhyayi.[28] Notes1. ^{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-341421-6| page=67}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657|year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|pages=229, 657}}, Quote: "Bharadvaja (Vedic seer)..." 3. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2= Joel Brereton| title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1680–1681}} 4. ^http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp076.htm 5. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Sanjana | first=Darab Dastur Peshotan | title=17. Gotama in the Avesta | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=30 | issue=2 | year=1898 | pages=391–394 | doi=10.1017/s0035869x00025417 }} 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-341421-6| pages=86–87}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657 |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|pages=229–230, 243–244}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author=George M. Williams |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA82| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=82–83}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|author=Maurice Walshe|title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj86AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-979-2|pages=188–189}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|year= 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-531405-2|pages= 141–142}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Thaneswar Sharma |title=The Bharadvājas in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFyu7MANWPAC | year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0639-9|pages=58–60}} 12. ^{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2= Joel Brereton| title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ| year=2014| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1691–1693}} 13. ^{{cite journal| last=Brereton| first= Joel P.| title= The Bharadvajas in Ancient India| journal= The Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume= 113| number= 4| year= 1993| pp= 599–600}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC&pg=PA657 |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0695-4|page=504 note 177}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-TCIGuP9YIC&pg=PA379 |year=1940|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04780-7|page=379}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Thaneswar Sharma |title=The Bharadvājas in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFyu7MANWPAC&pg=PA253|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0639-9|page=253 note 17a}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=Adam Bowles|title=Dharma, Disorder and the Political in Ancient India: The Āpaddharmaparvan of the Mahābhārata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MOwCQAAQBAJ |year=2007|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-2260-0|pages=xiii (see: BhaGS)}} 18. ^A. Berriedale Keith (1914), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189257 Reviewed Work: Bhāradvāja Gṛhya Sütra by Henriette J. W. Salomons], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1078–1089 19. ^{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz |authorlink1=Moriz Winternitz |author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma |title=A History of Indian Literature |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C |year=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|page=259}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=D. Wujastyk|title=The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaZCwjtmzZYC&pg=PA51|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-044824-5|pages=51–53}} 21. ^1 {{cite book|author=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbwrAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|pages=152–155}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld|title=A History of Indian Medical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbwrAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=E. Forsten|isbn=978-90-6980-124-7|page=153}} 23. ^{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|authorlink1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA266 |year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=266 with footnotes}} 24. ^{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 76|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}} 25. ^Vishnu Purana -Drauni or Asvathama as Next saptarishi Retrieved 2015-02-15 26. ^Ganguly The Mahabharata Retrieved 2015-02-15 27. ^{{cite book|author=Ramesh Menon|title=The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWFEAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |year=2004|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-86547-695-0|pages=109–110}} 28. ^{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA102|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=102}} References{{reflist|30em}}Bibliography
3 : Brahmin gotras|Hindu sages|Sages in the Ramayana |
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