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词条 BHP
释义

  1. History

     Billiton   Broken Hill Proprietary Company   BHP Billiton    BHP  

  2. Corporation

     Senior management 

  3. Operations

     Current  Mines and facilities  Former operations 

  4. Social and environmental responsibility

  5. Significant accidents

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Redirect|Billiton|the Indonesian island formerly known as Billiton|Belitung}}{{Use Australian English|date=January 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2013}}{{Infobox company
| name = BHP Group plc / BHP Group Limited
| logo = BHP 2017 logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| type = Public limited company
| traded_as = {{lse|BLT|isin=GB0000566504}}
{{nyse|BHP}}
{{nyse|BBL}}
{{asx|BHP}}
{{jse|BIL}}
FTSE 100 Component
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Ken MacKenzie (Chairman)
Andrew Mackenzie (CEO)
| industry = Metals and Mining, Petroleum
| products = Iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, natural gas, nickel & uranium
| revenue = {{USD|43.638 billion|link=yes}} (2018)[1]
| operating_income = {{USD|17.561 billion}} (2018)[1]
| net_income = {{USD|4.823 billion}} (2018)[1]
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 62,000+ (2018)[1]
(employees and contractors)
| foundation = Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) 1885;
Billiton plc 1860;
Merger of BHP & Billiton 2001 (creation of a DLC)
| location = Melbourne, Australia
(BHP Billiton Limited)
London, United Kingdom
(BHP Billiton plc)[2]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.bhp.com/}}
}}

BHP, formerly known as BHP Billiton, is the trading entity of BHP Group Limited and BHP Group plc, an Anglo-Australian multinational mining, metals and petroleum dual-listed public company headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Founded in 1885 in the isolated mining town of Broken Hill in New South Wales, by 2017 BHP ranked as the world's largest mining company, based on market capitalization,[3][4] and as Melbourne's third-largest company by revenue,[5] which "almost tripled between 2004 and 2012."[6]

BHP Billiton was formed in 2001 through the merger of the Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) and the Anglo–Dutch Billiton plc,[7] forming a dual-listed company. The Australia-registered Limited has a primary listing on the Australian Securities Exchange and is one of the largest companies in Australia by market capitalization. The English-registered plc arm has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

In 2015 the company was involved in the worst environmental disaster in the history of mining in Brazil.[8][9][10]

In 2015, some Billiton assets were severed and rebranded as South32, while a scaled-down BHP Billiton became BHP and, in 2018, BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc became BHP Group Limited and BHP Group Plc, respectively.

History

Billiton

Billiton was a mining company founded 29 September 1860, when its articles of association were approved by a meeting of shareholders in the Groot Keizerhof hotel in The Hague, Netherlands.[11] Two months later, the fledgling mining company acquired mineral rights to the tin-rich Billiton (Belitung) and Bangka Islands in the Netherlands Indies archipelago off the eastern coast of Sumatra.[11]

Billiton's initial ventures included tin and lead smelting in the Netherlands, followed in the 1940s by bauxite mining in Indonesia and Suriname. In 1970, Shell acquired Billiton, accelerating growth and exploration.[11] The tin and lead smelter in Arnhem, the Netherlands, was shut down in the 1990s. Billiton opened a tin smelting and refining plant in Phuket, Thailand, named Thaisarco (for Thailand Smelting And Refining Company, Limited), which still exists today.[12]

In 1994, South Africa's Gencor Ltd. acquired the mining division of Billiton excluding the downstream metal division.[13] Billiton was divested from Gencor in 1997,[14] amalgamating with Gold Fields in 1998.[15] In 1997, Billiton plc became a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index[11] and in 2001 Billiton plc merged with the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) to form BHP Billiton.[7]

Broken Hill Proprietary Company

The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) also known by the nickname "the Big Australian",[16] was incorporated in 1885, operating the silver and lead mine at Broken Hill in western New South Wales, Australia.[17][18] The Broken Hill group floated on 10 August 1885.[19] The first consignment of Broken Hill ore (48 tons, 5 cwt, 3grs) was smelted at the Intercolonial Smelting and Refining Company's works at Spotswood, Melbourne.[19] Historian Christopher Jay notes:

The resulting 35,605 ounces of silver raised a lot of interest when exhibited at the City of Melbourne Bank in Collins St. Some sceptics asserted the promoters were merely using silver from somewhere else, to ramp up the shares.... Another shareholder, the dominating W. R. Wilson had had to lend William Jamieson, General Manager, a new suit so he could take the first prospectus, printed at Silverton near Broken Hill on 20 June 1885, to Adelaide to start the float process.[19]

The geographic Broken Hill, for which the town was named, was discovered and named by Captain Charles Sturt, stirring great interest among prospectors. Nothing of note was discovered until November 5, 1883, when Charles Rasp, boundary rider for the surrounding Mount Gipps Station, pegged out a 40-acre claim with contractors David James and James Poole.[20]

Together with a half-dozen backers, including station manager George McCulloch, (a young cousin of Victorian Premier Sir James McCulloch),[21] Rasp formed the Broken Hill Company staking out the entire Hill. As costs mounted during the ensuing months of fruitless search, three of the original seven (now remembered as the Syndicate of Seven) sold their shares, so that, on eve of the Company's great success, there were nine shareholders, including Rasp, McCulloch, Philip Charly (aka Charley), David James, James Poole (five of the original syndicate of seven, which had previously included George Urquhart and G.A.M. Lind), Bowes Kelly, W. R. Wilson, and William Jamieson (who'd bought shares from several of the founders).[22][23]

John Darling, Jr. became a director of the company in 1892 and was chairman of directors from 1907 to 1914.[24]

Highly encouraged by the Minister for Public Works, Arthur Hill Griffith,[25][26] in 1915, the company ventured into steel manufacturing, with its operations based primarily in Newcastle, New South Wales. The decision to move from mining ore at Broken Hill to open a steelworks at Newcastle was due to the technical limitations in recovering value from mining the lower-lying sulphide ores.[27] The discovery of Iron Knob and Iron Monarch near the western shore of the Spencer Gulf in South Australia combined with the development by BHP metallurgists A. D. Carmichael and Leslie Bradford of a refinement of the froth flotation technique for separating zinc sulphides from the accompanying gangue and subsequent conversion (Carmichael–Bradford process) to oxides of the metal, led BHP to the economical extraction of valuable metals from the heaps of tailings and slimes up to {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} high at the mine site.[28] In 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy targeted the BHP steelworks[29] during the largely unsuccessful Shelling of Newcastle.[30] Newcastle operations were closed in 1999,[31] and a 70-ton commemorative sculpture, The Muster Point, was installed on Industrial Drive, in the suburb of Mayfield, New South Wales. The long products side of the steel business was spun off to form OneSteel in 2000.[32]

The company started petroleum exploration, which became an increasing focus with discoveries in Bass Strait in the 1960s.[33][34]

BHP began to diversify into a variety of mining projects overseas. These included the Ok Tedi copper mine in Papua New Guinea, where the company was successfully sued by the indigenous inhabitants because of the environmental degradation caused by mining operations.[35] BHP had better success with the giant Escondida copper mine in Chile, of which it owns 57.5%, and at the Ekati Diamond Mine in northern Canada, which BHP contracted for in 1996,[36] began mining in 1998,[36] and sold its 80% stake in to Dominion Diamond Corporation in 2013 as production declined.[37][38][39][40]

BHP Billiton

In 2001, BHP merged with the Billiton mining company to form BHP Billiton.[51][52][53] In 2002, flat steel products were demerged to form the publicly traded company BHP Steel which, in 2003, became BlueScope Steel.[41][42][43]

In March 2005, BHP Billiton announced a US$7.3 billion agreed bid for WMC Resources, owners of the Olympic Dam copper, gold and uranium mine in South Australia, nickel operations in Western Australia and Queensland, and a Queensland fertiliser plant. The takeover achieved 90 per cent acceptance on 17 June 2005, and 100 per cent ownership was announced on 2 August 2005, achieved through compulsory acquisition of the remaining 10 per cent of the shares.[44]

On 8 November 2007, BHP Billiton announced it was seeking to purchase rival mining group Rio Tinto Group in an all-share deal. The initial offer of 3.4 shares of BHP Billiton stock for each share of Rio Tinto was rejected by the board of Rio Tinto for "significantly undervaluing" the company. It was unknown at the time whether BHP Billiton would attempt to purchase Rio Tinto through some form of hostile takeover.[45] A formal hostile bid of 3.4 BHP Billiton shares for each Rio Tinto share was announced on 6 February 2008;[46] The bid was withdrawn 25 November 2008 due to global recession.[47][48]

On 14 May 2008, BHP Billiton shares rose to a record high of A$48.90 following speculation that Chinese mining firm Chinalco was considering purchasing a large stake.[49]

As global nickel prices fell, on 25 November 2008, Billiton announced that it would drop its A$66 billion takeover of rival Rio Tinto Group, stating that the "risks to shareholder value" would "increase" to "an unacceptable level" due to the global financial crisis.[50]

On 21 January 2009, BHP Billiton then announced that BHP Billiton Ravensthorpe Nickel Project in Western Australia would cease operations, ending shipments of ore from Ravensthorpe to the Yabulu nickel plant in Queensland Australia.[51] Yabulu refinery was subsequently sold to Queensland billionaire Clive Palmer, becoming the Palmer Nickel and Cobalt Refinery. Pinto Valley mine in the United States was also closed. Mine closures and general scaling back during the global financial crisis accounted for 6,000 employee lay offs.[52]

As the nickel market became saturated by both spiraling economics and cheaper extraction methods; on 9 December 2009, BHP Billiton sold its Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine, which had cost A$2.4 billion to build, to Vancouver-based First Quantum Minerals for US$340 million. First Quantum, a Canadian company, was one of three bidders for the mine, tendering the lowest offer, and returned the mine to production in 2011.[53] Ravensthorpe cost BHP US$3.6 billion in write-downs when it was shut in January 2009 after less than a year of production.[54]

In January 2010, following the BHP Billiton purchase of Athabasca Potash for US$320m, The Economist reported that, by 2020, BHP Billiton could produce approximately 15 per cent of the world demand for potash.[55]

In August 2010, BHP Billiton made a hostile takeover bid worth US$40 billion for the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. The bid came after BHP's first bid, made on 17 August, was rejected as being undervalued.[56] This acquisition marked a major strategic move by BHP outside hard commodities and commenced the diversification of its business away from resources with high exposure to carbon price risk, like coal, petroleum and iron ore. The takeover bid was opposed by the Government of Saskatchewan under Premier Brad Wall. On 3 November, Canadian Industry Minister Tony Clement announced the preliminary rejection of the deal under the Investment Canada Act, giving BHP Billiton 30 days to refine their deal before a final decision was made;[57] BHP withdrew its offer on 14 November 2010.[58][59]

On 22 February 2011, BHP Billiton announced that it had paid $4.75 billion in cash to Chesapeake Energy for its Fayetteville shale assets, which include {{convert|487000|acre|km2}} of mineral rights leases and {{convert|420|mi|km}} of pipeline located in north central Arkansas. The wells on the mineral leases are currently producing about 415 million cubic feet of natural gas per day. BHP Billiton planned to spend $800 million to $1 billion a year over 10 years to develop the field and triple production.[60]

On 14 July 2011, BHP Billiton announced that it would acquire Petrohawk Energy of the United States for approximately $12.1 billion in cash, considerably expanding its shale natural gas resources[61] in an offer of $US38.75 per share.[62]

On 22 August 2012, BHP Billiton announced that it was delaying its US$20 billion (£12 billion) Olympic Dam copper mine expansion project in South Australia to study less capital intensive options, deferring its dual harbour strategy at West Australian Iron Ore and slowing down its Potash growth option in Canada.[63][64] The company simultaneously announced a freeze on approving any major new expansion projects.[63][64]

Days after announcing the Olympic Dam pull-out, BHP Billiton announced that it was selling its Yeelirrie Uranium Project to Canadian Cameco for a fee of around $430 million. The sale was part of a broader move to step away from resource expansion in Australia.[65]

On 19 August 2014, BHP Billiton announced it would create an independent global metals and mining company based on a selection of its aluminium, coal, manganese, nickel, and silver assets.[66] The newly formed entity, named South32, was subsequently demerged with listings on the Australian Securities Exchange the JSE and the London Stock Exchange.[66]

In 2015, BHP Billiton spun off a number of its subsidiaries[67] in South Africa and Southern Africa to form a new company known as South32.[68][69]

BHP Billiton agreed to pay a fine of $25 million to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission in 2015 in connection with violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act related to its "hospitality program" at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. BHP Billiton invited 176 government and state-owned-enterprise officials to attend the Games on an all-expenses-paid package. While BHP Billiton claimed to have compliance processes in place to avoid conflicts of interest, the SEC found that BHP Billiton had invited officials from at least four countries where BHP Billiton had interests in influencing the officials' decisions (Congo, Guinea, Philippines and Burundi).[70]

In August 2016, BHP Billiton recorded its worst annual loss in history, $6.4 billion.[71]

Towards the end of 2016 BHP Billiton indicated it would expand its petroleum business and make new investments in the sector.[72]

In February 2017, BHP Billiton announced a $2.2 billion investment in the new BP platform in the Gulf of Mexico.[73] During the same year, as part of their plan to increase productivity at the Escondida mine in Chile,[74] which is the world's biggest copper mine, BHP Billiton attempted to get workers to accept a 4-year pay freeze, a 66% reduction in the end-of-conflict bonus offering, and increased shift flexibility. This resulted in a major workers' strike and forced the company to declare force majeure on two shipments, which drove copper prices up by 4%.[75]

In April 2017 activist hedge fund manager Elliott Advisors proposed a plan for BHP Billiton to spin off its American petroleum assets and significantly restructure the business, including the scrapping of its dual Sydney-London listing, suggesting shares be offered only in the United Kingdom, while leaving its headquarters and tax residences in Australia where shares would trade as depository instruments. At the time of the correspondence Elliott held about 4.1 per cent of the issued shares in London-listed BHP Billiton plc, worth $3.81 billion. Australia's government warned it would block moves to shift BHP Billiton's stock listing from Australia to the United Kingdom. Australian Treasurer Scott Morrison said the move would be contrary to the country's national interest and would breach government orders mandating a listing on the Australian Securities Exchange. BHP Billiton dismissed the plan saying the costs and risks of Elliott's proposal outweighed any potential benefits.[76]

BHP

In May 2017, with much of the former Billiton assets having been disposed of, BHP Billiton began to rebrand itself as BHP, at first in Australia and then globally. It replaced the slogan "The Big Australian" with "Think Big", with an advertising campaign rolling out in mid May 2017.[77] Work on the change began in late 2015 according to BHP's chief external affairs officer.[78]

In August 2017, BHP announced that it would sell off its US shale oil and gas business.[79][80] In July 2018, the company agreed to sell its shale assets to BP for $10.5 billion.[81] BHP indicated its intention to return funds to investors.[82] On 29 September 2018, BHP completed the sale of its Fayetteville Onshore US gas assets to a wholly owned subsidiary of Merit Energy Company.[83]

Corporation

BHP is a dual-listed company; the Australian BHP Billiton Limited and the British BHP Billiton plc are separately listed with separate shareholder bodies, while conducting business as one operation with identical boards of directors and a single management structure.[1] The headquarters of BHP Billiton Limited and the global headquarters of the combined group are located in Melbourne, Australia. The headquarters of BHP Billiton plc are located in London, England.[1] Its main office locations are in Australia, the U.S., Canada, the UK, Chile, Malaysia, and Singapore.[1]

The company's shares trade on the following exchanges:[84]

BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc were renamed BHP Group Limited and BHP Group Plc, respectively, on 19 November 2018.[85]

  • BHP Billiton Limited
    • Australia ({{asx|BHP}})
    • US ({{nyse|BHP}})
  • BHP Billiton plc
    • UK ({{lse|BLT}})
    • US ({{nyse|BBL}})
    • South Africa ({{jse|BIL}})

Senior management

In 1998, BHP hired American Paul Anderson to restructure the company. Anderson successfully completed the four-year project with a merger between BHP and London-based Billiton. In July 2002, Brian Gilbertson of Billiton was appointed CEO, but resigned after just six months, citing irreconcilable differences with the boards.[86]

Upon Gilbertson's departure in early 2003, Charles "Chip" Goodyear, an Anderson protégé, was appointed the new CEO, increasing sales by 47 per cent and profits by 78 per cent during his tenure.[87] Goodyear retired on 30 September 2007. Marius Kloppers was Goodyear's successor.[88] Following Kloppers' tenure, Andrew Mackenzie, Chief Executive of Non-Ferrous, assumed the role of CEO in 2013.[89]

Operations

Current

BHP has mining operations in Australia, North America, and South America, and petroleum operations in the U.S., Australia, Trinidad and Tobago, the UK, and Algeria.[1]

The company has four primary operational units, with a developmental potash project underway as well:

  • Coal
  • Copper
  • Iron ore
  • Petroleum

Mines and facilities

The company's mines are as follows:[90]

{{Div col|colwidth=}}
  • Algeria
    • Ohanet gas field
    • ROD gas field
  • Australia
    • Area C mine, Western Australia
    • Bass Strait, Victoria (50%)
    • Blackwater Mine, Blackwater, Queensland (50%)
    • Broadmeadow, Queensland
    • Eastern Ridge, Western Australia
    • Goonyella Riverside, Queensland
    • Gregory coal mine (Jointly owned with Mitsubishi.)
    • Hay Point Coal mine, Queensland
    • Hunter Region, New South Wales
    • Jimblebar, Western Australia
    • Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
    • Kambalda, Western Australia
    • Kwinana, Western Australia
    • Leinster, Western Australia
    • Minerva offshore, Victoria (90%)
    • Mount Arthur Coal mine, New South Wales
    • Mount Keith, Western Australia
    • Mount Whaleback, Western Australia
    • Nickel West operations
    • Nimingarra Iron Ore Mine, Western Australia (Jointly owned with Itochu and Mitsubishi.)
    • North West Shelf Venture, Western Australia (16.67 percent LNG phase, 8.33 percent domestic gas phase.)
    • Olympic Dam, South Australia
    • Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine, Western Australia
    • Peak Downs, Queensland
    • Poitrel Metallurgical Coal Mine, Queensland (Jointly owned with Mitsui.)
    • Port Hedland, Western Australia
    • Saraji, Queensland
    • Yandi mine, Western Australia
    • Yarrie mine, Western Australia
  • Brazil
    • Samarco: a joint-venture with Vale S.A. (50% ownership each). The project led to the worst environmental disaster in the history of mining in Brazil:[91] the collapse of two iron ore tailings dams[92] in Bento Rodrigues, a subdistrict of Mariana.
  • Canada
    • Jansen potash development project, Saskatchewan
  • Chile
    • Minera Escondida Copper, gold and silver mine jointly owned with Rio Tinto Group and Pan Pacific Copper
    • Cerro Colorado
    • Spence
  • Colombia
    • Cerrejón coal mine in Guajira department (33.3%)
  • Mexico
    • Trion
  • Peru
    • Antamina
  • Trinidad & Tobago
    • Angostura oil and gas field
  • United States
    • Permian Shale, Texas
    • Eagle Ford Shale, Texas
    • Haynesville Shale, Louisiana
    • Gulf of Mexico, oil and gas field (Shenzi & Neptune fields)
    • Resolution Copper, near Superior, Arizona
{{div col end}}

Former operations

  • Australia
    • Norwich Park coal mine, closed on 11 May 2012.
    • Griffin Oil, Western Australia (45 percent ownership). Production life: January 1994 - 2009.[93]
  • Canada
    • Ekati Diamond Mine, sold to Dominion Diamond Mines in 2013 (which became a subsidiary of The Washington Companies in 2017).
  • Papua New Guinea (until 2002)
    • Ok Tedi Mine, copper, site of a large-scale ecological disaster in the Ok Tedi and Fly rivers.
  • United Kingdom
    • Liverpool Bay oil and gas field
  • United States
    • Fayetteville Shale, Arkansas, shale natural gas fields, including the associated midstream pipeline system

Social and environmental responsibility

BHP is listed as one of the 90 fossil fuel extraction and marketing companies responsible for two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions since the beginning of the industrial age.[94] Its cumulative emissions as of 2010 have been estimated at 7,606 Mt{{CO2}}e, representing 0.52% of global industrial emissions between 1751 and 2010, ranking it the 19th-largest corporate polluter.[95] According to BHP management 10% of these emissions are from direct operations, while 90% come from products sold by the company.[96] BHP has been voluntarily reporting its direct GHG emissions since 1996. In 2013 it was criticised for lobbying against carbon pricing in Australia.[97]

BHP engages in a variety of economic investments and social investments in Australia and in its host communities.[98][99][100][101] It is a founding partner and co-funder with the Australian government of Bush Blitz, Australia’s largest nature discovery project endeavouring to document the plants and animals across Australia's National Reserve System and Indigenous Protected Areas, operated by Australian Biological Resources Study with Earthwatch Australia.[102]

Significant accidents

Bad weather caused a BHP Billiton helicopter to crash in Angola on 16 November 2007, killing the helicopter's five passengers. The deceased were: BHP Billiton Angola Chief Operating Officer David Hopgood (Australian), Angola Technical Services Operations Manager Kevin Ayre (British), Wild Dog Helicopters pilot Kottie Breedt (South African), Guy Sommerfield (British) of MMC and Louwrens Prinsloo (Namibian) of Prinsloo Drilling. The helicopter crashed approximately {{convert|80|km}} from the Alto Cuilo diamond exploration camp in Lunda Norte, northeastern Angola. BHP Billiton responded by suspending operations in the country.[103]

On 5 November 2015, an iron ore mine tailings dam near Mariana, south-eastern Brazil, owned and operated by Samarco, a subsidiary of BHP and Vale, suffered a catastrophic failure, devastating the nearby town of Bento Rodrigues with the mudflow, killing 19 people, injuring more than 50 and causing enormous ecological damage,[104] and threatening life along the Rio Doce and the Atlantic Ocean near the mouth of the Rio Doce.[105] The accident was one of the biggest environmental disasters in Brazil's history.[106]

See also

  • Mining in Australia

References

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  • [https://mining-atlas.com/company/BHP-Billiton.php Mining Atlas: "BHP Billiton"]
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