| 词条 | Simurrum | ||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = |conventional_long_name = Simurrum Kingdom 𒋛𒈬𒌨𒊑𒅎 |common_name = Simurrun Kingdom |era = Antiquity |status = |event_start = |year_start = 2000 BCE |date_start = |event1 = |date_event1 = |event_end = |year_end = 1500 BCE |date_end = |p1 = |flag_p1 = |s1 = |flag_s1 = |image_flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Elam1.png |image_map_caption = Territory of Simurrum in the Mesopotamia area. |capital = |common_languages = Unclassified Akkadian (inscriptions) |religion = Mesopotamian religions |government_type = Monarchy |leader1 = |year_leader1 = |leader2 = |year_leader2 = |title_leader = |legislature = |stat_area1 = |today = Iraq }} The Simurrum Kingdom ({{lang-akk|𒋛𒈬𒌨𒊑𒅎}}: Si-mu-ur-ri-im)[1] was an important city state of the Mesopotamian area from around 2000 BCE to 1500 BCE, during the period of the Akkadian Empire down to Ur III. The Simurrum Kingdom disappears from records after the Old Babylonian period.[2] It was neighbour and sometimes ally with the Lullubi kingdom.[3] KingdomThe Simurrum Kingdom seems to have been part of a belt of Hurrian city states in the northeastern portion of Mesopotamian area.[2] They were often in conflict with the rulers of Ur III.[2][4] Several Kings (𒈗, pronounced Šàr, "Shar", in Akkadian)[5] of Simurrum are known, such as Iddin-Sin and his son Zabazuna.[2] Various inscriptions suggest that they were contemporary with king Ishbi-Erra (1953—c.1920 BCE).[4] ConflictsSeveral inscriptions suggest that Simurrum was quite powerful, and shed some light on the conflicts around the Zagros area, an other such example being the Anubanini rock relief of the nearby Lullubi Kingdom.[2] Four inscriptions and a relief (now in the Israel Museum) of the Simurrum have been identified at Bitwata near Rania in Iraq, and one from Sarpol-e Zahab in Iran.[4][6] The Simurrun were regularly in conflict with the Akkadian Empire. The names of four years of the reign of Sargon of Akkad describe his campaigns against Elam, Mari, Simurrum, and Uru'a (an Elamite city-state).[7] One unknown year during the reign of Akkadian Empire king Naram-Sin of Akkad was recorded as "the Year when Naram-Sin was victorious against Simurrum in Kirasheniwe and took prisoner Baba the governor of Simurrum, and Dubul the ensi (ruler) of Arame".[8] After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians, the Lullubians and the Simurrums rebelled against the Gutian ruler Erridupizir, according to the latter's inscriptions: {{Quote|Ka-Nisba, king of Simurrum, instigated the people of Simurrum and Lullubi to revolt. Amnili, general of [the enemy Lullubi]... made the land [rebel]... Erridu-pizir, the mighty, ling of Gutium and of the four quarters hastened [to confront] him... In a single day he captured the pass od Urbillum at Mount Mummum. Further, he captured Nirishuha.|Inscription R2:226-7 of Erridupizir.[9]}}At one point, Simurrum may have become a vassal of the Gutians.[2] Simurrum seems to have become independent after the collapse of Ur III.[4] See also{{History of Iraq}}{{Commons Category|Simurrum}}{{Portal|Ancient Near East}}
External links
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Shaffer |first1=Aaron |title=Iddi(n)-Sîn, King of Simurrum: A New Rock-Relief Inscription and a Reverential Seal |date=2003 |publisher=Zeitschrift für Assyoriologie |pages=7-12 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13532907/Iddi_n_-S%C3%AEn_King_of_Simurrum_A_New_Rock-Relief_Inscription_and_a_Reverential_Seal_2003}} {{Ancient Mesopotamia topics}}{{Iraq topics}}{{Iran topics}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |last1=Eidem |first1=Jesper |title=The Shemshāra Archives 1: The Letters |date=2001 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=9788778762450 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PggUcchMk4AC&pg=PA24}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=William J. |title=Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |pages=115-116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT115}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BCE) |date=1990 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9780802058737 |pages=707 ff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C&pg=PA697}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Shaffer |first1=Aaron |title=Iddi(n)-Sîn, King of Simurrum: A New Rock-Relief Inscription and a Reverential Seal |date=2003 |publisher=Zeitschrift für Assyoriologie |pages=32-35 |url=https://www.academia.edu/13532907/Iddi_n_-S%C3%AEn_King_of_Simurrum_A_New_Rock-Relief_Inscription_and_a_Reverential_Seal_2003}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120}} 7. ^Sargon's year-names 8. ^Year-Names of Naram-Sin of Agade 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Hamblin |first1=William J. |title=Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |pages=115-116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT115}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=123-124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |language=en}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=123-124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |language=en}} 12. ^{{cite book |last1=Osborne |first1=James F. |title=Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438453255 |pages=123-124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvAQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |language=en}} 3 : Akkadian Empire|Ancient history of Iraq|Ancient history of Iran |
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