| 词条 | Stanislas Saint Clair |
| 释义 |
Stanislas Graham Bower Saint Clair (1835–1887), calling himself Hidayet pasha was a British officer, Polish rebel, later an Ottoman military officer of Scottish-Polish background. He is most notable for an 1878 Muslim insurgence he organized in the Rhodope mountains in Bulgaria. The insurgence planned to attack Bulgarian civilians and Russian forces in order to claim back territories ceded to Bulgaria under the Treaty of San Stefano. The insurgence was defeated by the Russian army and Captain Petko Voyvoda's detachment. Early life and educationStanislas Saint Clair was born in 1835 in his grandfather's mansion Wieprze/Viepriai, Ukmergė district Vilnius, Lithuania. His father, Alexander Saint Clair (1800–1880) was a former military officer from the British colonial army in India and a Scottish nobleman. His mother, Pelagia Kossakowski (1798–1881), was Polish. His maternal grandfather was count Joseph Dominic Kosakowski (1771–1840). His grandmother's name was Barbara Zyberk. As of 1855 Saint Clair's family did not own the Lithuanian mansion anymore. Based on one version it was sold while based on another it was confiscated by Russian imperial authorities as retaliation for anti-government activity. Brought up with strong Polish identity of his family, he perceived struggle against tsarists Russia as his patriotic duty and this led him to his Balkan activities. CareerBeing the son of a military officer, Saint Clair joined the British army and participated in the Crimean war. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1859. After the war, in 1862 he started work as a clerk in the British counselate in Burgas, then part of the Ottoman Empire. Two years later, he became a British consul in Varna. At that time, however, he frequently visited his home country, where in 1863 he joined the anti-Russian January Uprising that failed. In Bulgaria, he purchased an estate (a chiflik) in Akdere, intending to settle in the Ottoman Empire. Around this time he started calling himself Hidayet pasha ("the Guided General") thus claiming a military rank (pasha is the Ottoman equivalent of a general) that was never assigned to him. Around this time Saint Clair co-authored a book with Charles Brophy titled "A Residence in Bulgaria. Notes on the resources and the administration of Turkey", published in 1869 in London. The book contains a negative portrayal of Bulgarians. Upon the start of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) he formally left British military service and volunteered as an officer in the Turkish army under Suleiman pasha's command, later promoted to the rank of General. His adjutant was the Englishman John Paget and his deputy - the Pole Konrad bey. After the retreat of the Turkish army from Sofia and their defeat at Plovdiv, Ottoman troops scattered towards the Rhodope mountains and Istanbul. Saint Clair retreated with Suleyman pasha and found himself in the vicinity of Kardzhali. After the Ottoman Empire's capitulation in the war, he conspired with several Turkish army deserters to start a Muslim insurgence in the Rhodope mountains. Their propaganda efforts aimed to scare Turkish villagers with the rising "rule of the infidels" and make them believe there would soon be retributions for the massacres of Christians during the April uprising in Bulgaria. The anti-Bulgarian and anti-Russian nature of Saint Clair's activities soon found the implicit support of the Ottoman and the British empires, both of them hoping to revise the Treaty of San Stefano on terms favourable to Turkey. The insurgence led by Saint Clair started in mid-1878 and affected an area in the Middle Rhodopes. The insurgents were first met at the village of Plevun where they were held back by Captain Petko Voyvoda's 9-men detachment. Russian reinforcements soon arrived and the insurgents dispersed, quickly abandoning their cause. Later life and deathIn 1877 tried in vain to organise a Polish Legion in the Turkish Army. After the Treaty of Berlin, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia was created and Saint Clair applied for the post of Governor General. After he learned he was not considered for the post, he retired from political affairs and left for Belgium without achieving the purpose of his ill-fated "insurgency". He died in his own home in Ligneuville, Belgium 24 I 1887. Married twice, left three daughters. References
External links
5 : 1835 births|1887 deaths|British Army officers|British Army personnel of the Crimean War|Ottoman military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。