| 词条 | Aluminium phosphide |
| 释义 |
| Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 454459350 | Name = Aluminium phosphide | ImageFile = Sphalerite-unit-cell-depth-fade-3D-balls.png | ImageSize = | ImageName = Aluminium phosphide | OtherNames = Aluminum phosphide Aluminium(III) phosphide Aluminium monophosphide Phostoxin Fumitoxin |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 28171 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = E23DR6L59S | InChI = 1/Al.P/rAlP/c1-2 | SMILES = [PH+]12[Al-][PH+]3[Al-][PH+]([AlH-]14)[AlH-]1[P+]5([AlH-]38)[Al-]26[PH+]2[AlH-]([P+]4)[PH+]1[Al-][PH+]3[AlH-]2[P+][AlH-]([PH+]6[AlH-]([PH+])[PH+]68)[PH+]([Al-]6)[AlH-]35 | InChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-LQQCNYPFAR | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/Al.P | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = PPNXXZIBFHTHDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo = 20859-73-8 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 30332 | RTECS = BD1400000 | EINECS = 244-088-0 |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = | Al=1 | P=1 | MolarMass = 57.9552 g/mol | Appearance = Yellow or gray crystals | Odor = garlic-like | Density = 2.85 g/cm3 | Solubility = reacts | MeltingPtC = 2530 | BoilingPt = | BandGap = 2.5 eV (indirect)[1] | RefractIndex = 2.75 (IR), ~3 (Vis) [1] |Section3={{Chembox Structure | MolShape = | CrystalStruct = Zincblende | SpaceGroup = T2d-F{{overline|4}}3m | LattConst_a = 546.35 pm | Coordination = Tetrahedral | Dipole = |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = -164.4 kJ/mol | Entropy = 47.3 J/mol K |Section7={{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS = External MSDS | FlashPt = > | FlashPtC = 800 | EUClass = {{Hazchem T+}} {{Hazchem N}} | NFPA-H = 4|NFPA-F = 1|NFPA-R = 2|NFPA-S = W | LD50 = 11.5 mg/kg }} Aluminium phosphide (aluminum phosphide) is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula {{Aluminium}}{{Phosphorus}} used as a wide band gap semiconductor and a fumigant. This colorless solid is generally sold as a grey-green-yellow powder due to the presence of impurities arising from hydrolysis and oxidation. PropertiesAlP crystals are dark grey to dark yellow in color and have a zincblende crystal structure[2] with a lattice constant of 5.4510 Å at 300 K.[3] They are thermodynamically stable up to {{convert|1000|C}}.[5] Aluminium phosphide reacts with water or acids to release phosphine:[4] AlP + 3 H2O → Al(OH)3 + PH3 AlP + 3 H+ → Al3+ + PH3 PreparationAlP is synthesized by combination of the elements:[5][6] 4Al + P4 → 4AlP Caution must be taken to avoid exposing the AlP to any sources of moisture, as this generates toxic phosphine gas. UsesPesticideAlP is used as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. The tablets or pellets, known as "wheat pills", typically also contain other chemicals that evolve ammonia which helps to reduce the potential for spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gas. AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. Other pesticides similar to aluminium phosphide are zinc phosphide and calcium phosphide. In this application, aluminium phosphide can be encountered under various brand names, e.g. Celphos, Fostox, Fumitoxin, Phostek , Phostoxin, Talunex, Fieldphos, and Weevil-Cide. It generates phosphine gas according to the following hydrolysis equation.[6] 2 AlP + 6 H2O → Al2O3∙3 H2O + 2 PH3 It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such as in ships, aircraft, and grain silos. All of these structures can be effectively sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes. Fumigants are also applied directly to rodent burrows.[7] Semiconductor applicationsIndustrially, AlP is a semiconductor material that is usually alloyed with other binary materials for applications in devices such as light-emitting diodes (e.g. aluminium gallium indium phosphide).[8] Toxicology{{Main|Aluminium phosphide poisoning}}Highly poisonous, aluminium phosphide has been used for suicide.[9] Fumigation has also caused unintentional deaths.[10][11][12] Known as "rice tablet" in Iran, for its use to preserve rice, there have been frequent incidents of accidental or intentional death. There is a campaign by the Iranian Forensic Medicine Organization to stop its use as a pesticide.[13][14] Recycling of used aluminium phosphide containers caused the death of three family members in Alcalá de Guadaira, Spain. They had been keeping them in plastic sacks in their bathroom. The deaths occurred accidentally due to aluminum phosphide reacting with water or moisture, and becoming phosphine, leading to their death within hours.[15] Aluminium phosphide poisoning is considered a wide-scale problem in the Indian subcontinent.[16][17]References1. ^1 {{ cite book | author = Berger, L. I. | title = Semiconductor Materials | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8493-8912-7 | pages = 125 }} {{Aluminium compounds}}{{insecticides}}{{rodenticides}}{{phosphides}}{{Authority control}}2. ^{{ cite web |author1=Van Zeghbroeck |author2=B. J. | title = Bravais Lattices; Zincblende Lattice | publisher = University of Colorado | year = 1997 |url = http://ecee.colorado.edu/~bart/book/bravais.htm }} 3. ^{{ cite web | title = Lattice Constants | publisher = SiliconFarEast.com | year = 2004 | url = http://www.siliconfareast.com/lattice_constants.htm | accessdate = 3 January 2017 }} 4. ^{{Holleman&Wiberg}} 5. ^1 {{ cite journal |author1=White, W. E. |author2=Bushey, A. H. |author3=Holtzclaw, H. F. |author4=Hengeveld, F. W. | editor = Bailar, J. C. | title = Aluminum Phosphide | journal = Inorganic Syntheses | year = 1953 | volume = 4 | pages = 23–25 | doi = 10.1002/9780470132357.ch7 | series = Inorganic Syntheses | isbn = 978-0-470-13235-7 }} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|author1=White, W. E. |author2=Bushey, A. H. | title = Aluminum Phosphide – Preparation and Composition | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | doi = 10.1021/ja01238a018 | year = 1944 | volume = 66 | issue = 10 | page = 1666 }} 7. ^{{Ullmanns|author = Buckle, A.|title = Rodenticides|doi = 10.1002/14356007.a23_211}} 8. ^{{ cite book | author = Corbridge, D. E. C. | title = Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-444-89307-5 }} 9. ^{{cite news |title = Millionaire's death sparks poison scare |publisher = BBC News |date = 2002-10-10 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2314911.stm |accessdate = 2009-04-05}} 10. ^{{cite news |title = Fumes kill two Danes in Jeddah |publisher = BBC News |date = 2009-02-24 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm |accessdate = 2009-02-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090225112450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7908102.stm| archivedate= 25 February 2009 | deadurl= no}} 11. ^{{cite news |title = Family loses 2nd child in suspected pesticide poisoning |publisher = KSL-TV |url = http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=9629232 |date = 2010-02-09| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100211133556/http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=9629232| archivedate= 11 February 2010 | deadurl= no}} 12. ^{{cite news |title = 4 children dead in Texas in pesticide spraying incident |publisher= CBS News |date=2017-01-02 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-poisoning-amarillo-texas-four-children-dead-others-injured/}} 13. ^{{Cite journal| last1 = Shadnia | first1 = S.| last2 = Sasanian | first2 = G.| last3 = Allami | first3 = P.| last4 = Hosseini | first4 = A.| last5 = Ranjbar | first5 = A.| last6 = Amini-Shirazi | first6 = N.| last7 = Abdollahi | first7 = M.| doi = 10.1177/0960327108097194| title = A Retrospective 7-Years Study of Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning in Tehran: Opportunities for Prevention| journal = Human & Experimental Toxicology| volume = 28| issue = 4| pages = 209–213| year = 2009| pmid = 19734272| pmc =}} 14. ^{{ cite journal | last1 = Mehrpour | first1 = O. | last2 = Singh | first2 = S. | title = Rice Tablet Poisoning: A Major Concern in Iranian Population | journal = Human & Experimental Toxicology | volume = 29 | issue = 8 | pages = 701–702 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20097728 | doi = 10.1177/0960327109359643 }} 15. ^{{cite news|title=La familia de Alcalá de Guadaira murió tras inhalar plaguicida|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/sevilla/20140203/54400796210/la-familia-de-alcala-de-guadaira-murio-tras-inhalar-fosfina-de-unos-tapones.html|accessdate=3 February 2014|newspaper=La Vanguardia|date=3 February 2014|agency=Agencia EFE}} 16. ^{{cite journal|pmid=8773034|year=1995|last1=Siwach|first1=SB|last2=Gupta|first2=A|title=The profile of acute poisonings in Harayana-Rohtak Study|volume=43|issue=11|pages=756–9|journal=The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}} 17. ^{{cite journal|pmid=10414665|year=1999|last1=Singh|first1=D|last2=Jit|first2=I|last3=Tyagi|first3=S|title=Changing trends in acute poisoning in Chandigarh zone: A 25-year autopsy experience from a tertiary care hospital in northern India|volume=20|issue=2|pages=203–10|journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology|doi=10.1097/00000433-199906000-00019}} 6 : Aluminium compounds|Phosphides|III-V semiconductors|Inorganic insecticides|Rodenticides|III-V compounds |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。