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词条 Bed rest
释义

  1. Medical uses

     Pregnancy  Back pain  Other 

  2. Adverse effects

  3. Technique

  4. History

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

{{About|a medical treatment|the type of pillow|pillow}}{{Infobox medical intervention
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}}Bed rest, also referred to as the rest-cure, is a medical treatment in which a person lies in bed for most of the time to try to cure an illness.[1] Bed rest refers to voluntarily lying in bed as a treatment and not being confined to bed because of a health impairment which physically prevents leaving bed. The practice is still used although a 1999 systematic review found no benefits for any of the 17 conditions studied and no proven benefit for any conditions at all, beyond that imposed by symptoms.[2]

In the United States, nearly 20% of pregnant women have some degree of restricted activity prescribed[3] despite the growing data showing it to be dangerous, causing some experts to call its use "unethical".[2][4][5]

Medical uses

Extended bed rest has not been proven to have beneficial effects for any condition.[2]

Pregnancy

Women who are pregnant and are experiencing early labor, vaginal bleeding, and cervix complications have been prescribed bed rest. This practice in 2013 was strongly discouraged due to no evidence of benefit and evidence of potential harm.[6]

Evidence is unclear if it affects the risk of preterm birth and due to potential side effects the practice is not routinely recommended.[7] It is also not recommended for routine use in pregnant women with high blood pressure[8] or to prevent miscarriage.[9]

Women pregnant with twins or higher-order multiples are at higher risk for pregnancy complications. Routine bed rest in twin pregnancies (bed rest in the absence of complications) does not improve outcomes.[12] Bed rest is therefore not recommended routinely in those with a multiple pregnancy.[10]

Use in combination with assisted reproductive technology such as embryo transfer is also not recommended.[11]

Back pain

For people with back pain bed rest has previously been recommended.[12] Bed rest, however, is less beneficial than staying active.[13] As a treatment for low back pain, bed rest should not be used for more than 48 hours.[14]

Other

  • As of 2016 it is unclear if bed rest is useful for people in wheelchairs who have pressure ulcers.[15]
  • Bed rest may be sufficient treatment for mild cases of Sydenham chorea.[16]
  • In those with deep vein thrombosis early movement rather than bed rest appears helpful.[17]

Adverse effects

{{Further|Lying (position)#Long-term risks}}

Prolonged bed rest has long been known to have deleterious physiological effects, such as muscle atrophy and other forms of deconditioning such as arterial constriction.[18] Besides lack of physical exercise it was shown that another important factor is that the hydrostatic pressure (caused by gravity) acts anomalously, resulting in altered distribution of body fluids. In other words, when getting up, this can cause an orthostatic hypertension, potentially inducing a vasovagal response.

Additionally, prolonged bed rest can lead to the formation of skin pressure ulcers.[19] Even physical exercise in bed fails to address certain adverse effects.[20]

Phlebothrombosis is marked by the formation of a clot in a vein without prior inflammation of the wall of the vein. It is associated with prolonged bed rest, surgery, pregnancy, and other conditions in which blood flow becomes sluggish or the blood coagulates more readily than normal. The affected area, usually the leg, may become swollen and tender. The danger is that the clot may become dislodged and travel to the lungs (a pulmonary embolism).[21]

Technique

Complete bed rest refers to discouraging the person in treatment from sitting up for any reason, including daily activities like drinking water.[22]

Placing the head of a bed lower than the foot is sometimes used as a means of simulating the physiology of spaceflight.[23]

History

As a treatment, bed rest is mentioned in the earliest medical writings. The rest cure, or bed rest cure, was a 19th-century treatment for many mental disorders, particularly hysteria. "Taking to bed" and becoming an "invalid" for an indefinite period was a culturally accepted response to some of the adversities of life.

In addition to bed rest, patients were secluded from all family contact to reduce dependence on others. The only person who bed rest patients were allowed to see was the nurse who massaged, bathed, and clothed them. Not only were patients to be isolated in bed for an extended time, they were advised to avoid other activities that may mentally exhaust them such as writing or drawing.[24]

In some extreme cases electrotherapy was prescribed. The food the patient was served usually consisted of fatty dairy products to revitalize the body. This cure as well as its name were created by doctor Silas Weir Mitchell, and it was almost always prescribed to women, many of whom were suffering from depression, especially postpartum depression. It was not effective and caused many to go insane, suffer complications of prostration, or die.

Before the advent of effective antihypertension medications, bed rest was a standard treatment for markedly high blood pressure. It is still used in cases of carditis secondary to rheumatic fever. Its popularity and perceived efficacy have varied greatly over the centuries.

In 1892, feminist writer Charlotte Perkins Gilman published "The Yellow Wallpaper", a horror short story based on her experience when placed under the rest cure from Dr. Silas W. Mitchell himself. She wasn't allowed to write in a journal, paint a picture, or release her imagination in any way, though she was artistically inclined. If she ever felt ill, she was simply told to return to bed. Her specific instructions from Dr. Mitchell were to "Live as domestic a life as possible. Have your child with you all the time... Lie down an hour after each meal. Have but two hours' intellectual life a day. And never touch pen, brush or pencil as long as you live."[25] Gilman abided by Mitchell's instructions for several months before practically losing control of her sanity.

Eventually, Gilman divorced her husband on as good of terms as can be expected and pursued a life as a writer and women's rights activist. She later explained in her biography The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman that she could not be restrained to the domestic lifestyle without losing her sanity, and that "it was not a choice between going and staying, but between going, sane, and staying, insane."[26]

The narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" reflected her own authentic account. The narrator was advised by her husband to perform the rest cure and avoid creative activities while struggling with fits of depression. After becoming obsessed with the yellow wallpaper in her room, the narrator suffers a mental breakdown and frees a "woman behind the wall," metaphorically resembling Gilman's own mental break and release from female expectations. Gilman sent her short story to Dr. Mitchell, hoping that he might change his treatment of women with mental health and help save people from her own experience.[27] The story became a symbol of feminism in the 1970s at the time of its rediscovery.[28]

The author Virginia Woolf was prescribed the rest cure, which she parodied in her novel Mrs Dalloway (1925) with the description "you invoke proportion; order rest in bed; rest in solitude; silence and rest; rest without friends, without books, without messages; six months rest; until a man who went in weighing seven stone six comes out weighing twelve".[29]

Some negative effects of bed rest were historically attributed to drugs taken in bed rest.[30]

See also

  • Bedridden
  • Postpartum confinement, the period after giving birth
  • Lying-in, the historic term for enforced rest after giving birth

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|last=Collin|publisher=A&C Black|year=2008|isbn=|location=|pages=|via=Credo Reference}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=C|last2=Glasziou|first2=P|last3=Del Mar|first3=C|title=Bed rest: a potentially harmful treatment needing more careful evaluation.|journal=Lancet|date=9 October 1999|volume=354|issue=9186|pages=1229–33|pmid=10520630|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(98)10063-6}}
3. ^Bed Rest During Pregnancy
4. ^Is It 'Unethical’ To Prescribe Bed Rest For Pregnant Women? | CommonHealth
5. ^http://arms.evidence.nhs.uk/resources/qipp/664578/attachment
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=McCall|first1=CA|last2=Grimes|first2=DA|last3=Lyerly|first3=AD|title="Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data.|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|date=June 2013|volume=121|issue=6|pages=1305–8|pmid=23812466|doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e318293f12f}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sosa|first1=CG|last2=Althabe|first2=F|last3=Belizán|first3=JM|last4=Bergel|first4=E|title=Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=30 March 2015|volume=3|issue=3|pages=CD003581|pmid=25821121|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003581.pub3}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Meher|first1=Shireen|last2=Abalos|first2=Edgardo |last3=Carroli |first3=Guillermo |last4=Meher |first4=Shireen |title=Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy|year=2005|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003514.pub2 |pmid=16235323|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=4|pages=CD003514}}
9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Aleman |first1=Alicia |last2=Althabe|first2=Fernando |last3=Belizán|first3=José M |last4=Bergel |first4=Eduardo|last5=Althabe|first5=Fernando|title=Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage|year=2005|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003576.pub2 |pmid=15846669 |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=2 |pages=CD003576 }}
10. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Crowther|first1=Caroline A|last2=Han|first2=Shanshan|last3=Crowther|first3=Caroline A|title=Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy|year=2010|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000110.pub2|pmid=20614420|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD000110}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Küçük|first1=M|title=Bed rest after embryo transfer: Is it harmful?|journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology|date=April 2013|volume=167|issue=2|pages=123–6|pmid=23274041|doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.11.017}}
12. ^{{Cite book|last=Weiner |first=Richard |title=Pain management: a practical guide for clinicians |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |year=2002 |page=741 |isbn=978-0-8493-0926-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2CSdeiMZi4C&pg=PA741&dq=%22bed+rest+is%22}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hagen|first1=KB|last2=Jamtvedt|first2=G|last3=Hilde|first3=G|last4=Winnem|first4=MF|title=The updated cochrane review of bed rest for low back pain and sciatica.|journal=Spine|date=1 March 2005|volume=30|issue=5|pages=542–6|pmid=15738787|doi=10.1097/01.brs.0000154625.02586.95}}
14. ^{{Citation |author1 = North American Spine Society |author1-link = North American Spine Society |date = February 2013 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = North American Spine Society |work = Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation |page = |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/north-american-spine-society/ |accessdate = 25 March 2013}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=ZE|last2=van Etten|first2=MT|last3=Dumville|first3=JC|title=Bed rest for pressure ulcer healing in wheelchair users.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=17 October 2016|volume=10|pages=CD011999|pmid=27748506|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011999.pub2}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Sydenham Chorea Information Page {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Sydenham-Chorea-Information-Page|website=ninds.nih.gov|accessdate=30 January 2017|language=en}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Izcovich|first1=A|last2=Popoff|first2=F|last3=Rada|first3=G|title=Early mobilization versus bed rest for deep vein thrombosis.|journal=Medwave|date=28 June 2016|volume=16 Suppl 2|pages=e6478|pmid=27391009|doi=10.5867/medwave.2016.6478}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bleeker MW, De Groot PC, Rongen GA |title=Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=1293–300 |date=October 2005 |pmid=15932956 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00118.2005|display-authors=etal}}
19. ^{{cite book|title="Ulcer." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, and Paul Lagasse, Columbia University Press, 2016. Credo Reference|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/ulcer/0|editor1-last=}}
20. ^{{Cite book|author=Woods, Susan L. |title=Cardiac nursing |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon |year=2005 |page=921 |isbn=978-0-7817-4718-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vWmbeuYRN8C&pg=RA1-PA921&dq=%22bed+rest+is%22}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Sell|first1=Rebecca|last2=Rothenberg|first2=Mikel|last3=Chapman|first3=Charles F.|title=Dictionary of Medical Terms|date=November 1, 2012|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|location=New York|isbn=978-0764147586|edition=6th|url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/barronsm/phlebothrombosis/0|accessdate=5 September 2016|registration=yes}}
22. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/pregnancy/art-20048007 |title=Bed rest during pregnancy: Get the facts - Mayo Clinic |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |work=mayoclinic.org |year=2011 |accessdate=27 March 2014}}
23. ^*{{cite journal|authors=Atsunori Kamiya, Satoshi Iwase, Daisaku Michikami, Qi Fu, and Tadaaki Mano|title=Head-down bed rest alters sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to mental stress|journal=AJP: Regul Physiol|date=1 March 2000|quote=To examine effects of microgravity on vasomotor sympathetic and peripheral vasodilator responses to mental stress, we performed 10 min of mental arithmetic (MA) before and after 14 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR), a ground-based simulation of spaceflight.}}*{{cite journal|last=Millet|first=C.|title=Endocrine responses to 7 days of head-down bed rest and orthostatic tests in men and women|journal=Clinical Physiology|date=March 2001|volume=21|issue=2|pages=172–183|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00315.x|pmid=11318825|last2=Custaud|first2=MA|last3=Maillet|first3=A|last4=Allevard|first4=AM|last5=Duvareille|first5=M|last6=Gauquelin-Koch|first6=G|last7=Gharib|first7=C|last8=Fortrat|first8=JO}}*{{cite journal|last=Edgell|first=Heather|title=WISE-2005: adrenergic responses of women following 56-days, 6° head-down bed rest with or without exercise countermeasures|journal=Environmental, Exercise and Respiratory Physiology|date=December 2007}}*{{cite journal|author=Randa L. Shehab|author2=Robert E. Schlegel|title=The NASA performance assessment workstation: Cognitive performance during head-down bed rest|journal=Acta Astronautica|date=August–September 1998|pages=223–233|doi=10.1016/s0094-5765(98)00156-8|volume=43|issue=3–6|bibcode=1998AcAau..43..223S}}*{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Thad|title=Effects of 14 days of head-down tilt bed rest on cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses in humans|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|date=4 January 2003}}*{{cite journal|authors=Meck, Janice V.; Dreyer, Sherlene A.; Warren, L. Elisabeth|title=Long-Duration Head-Down Bed Rest: Project Overview, Vital Signs, and Fluid Balance|journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine|date=May 2009|volume=80|issue=Supplement 1|pages=A1–A8|doi=10.3357/asem.br01.2009}}*{{cite journal|last=Shibasaki|first=Manabu|title=Exercise throughout 6° head-down tilt bed rest preserves thermoregulatory responses|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|date=November 1, 2003|volume=95|issue=5}}
24. ^{{Cite book|title = Women of the Asylum: Voices from Behind the Walls 1840-1945|last = Geller|first = Jeffery L.|publisher = Anchor Books|year = 1994|isbn =|location = New York|pages = 161–168}}
25. ^Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper". The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York: Gale, 1996. 230‐37. Print.
26. ^{{Cite book|title = Women of the Asylum: Voices from Behind the Walls 1840-1945|last = Geller|first = Jeffery L.|publisher = Anchor Books|year = 1994|isbn =|location = New York|pages = 161–167}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.charlotteperkinsgilman.com/2008/04/why-i-wrote-yellow-wallpaper-charlotte.html|title = "Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"|last = Gilman|first = Charlotte|date =|website = Charlotte Perkins Gilman|access-date =}}
28. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.lonestar.edu/yellow-wallpaper.htm | title=Feminist Gothic in "The Yellow Wallpaper"}}
29. ^{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Hermione|title=Virginia Woolf|date=1996|publisher=Chatto & Windus|location=London|isbn=9780701165079|edition=1. publ. in Great Britain}}
30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dock|first1=William|title=The evil sequelae of complete bed rest|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=125|issue=16|year=1944|pages=1083|issn=0002-9955|doi=10.1001/jama.1944.02850340009004}}

Further reading

  • Stuempfle, K., and D. Drury. "The Physiological Consequences of Bed Rest". Journal of Exercise Physiology online (June 2007) 10(3):32-41.
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