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词条 Tarakeshwara Temple, Hangal
释义

  1. History

  2. Architecture

  3. References

     Citations  Bibliography 

  4. External links

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Tarakeshwara Temple
| image = KITLV 88225 - Unknown - Tarakeshvara temple at Hangal in British India - 1897.tif
| alt = The main temple in 1897
| caption = The main temple in 1897
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.765|N|75.124|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = India
| province = Karnataka
| district = Hangal
| location = Hangal
| elevation_m =
| deity = Shiva (as Tarakeshwara)
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = Two
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = Memorial stones
| year_completed = mid-11th or 12th century
| creator =
| website =
}}

The Tarakeshwara or Tarakeshvara Temple is a Hindu temple complex dedicated to Shiva as Tarakeswara located in Hangal, Karnataka, in India. It also houses a temple to Shiva's vahana, Nandi, and his son Ganesha. The complex is a listed monument of the Archaeological Survey of India. It also has three memorial stones which are sculpted with religious and military scenes and inscribed with text in the Kannada language. Its octagonal hall has a {{Convert|6|m|0|adj=on}} diameter lotus carving as its ceiling.

History

The Chalukyas of Kalyana reigned in the Deccan from the 10th to the 12th century. They built Hindu temples in Ittagi, Gadag and Lakkundi as well as in Hangal. The Tarakeshwara Temple was also built by them {{circa|lk=no|{{nowrap|{{sc|ad}} 1050}}}}[1] or the mid-12th century.[2]

The Tarakeshwara temple is a listed monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.[2]

Architecture

The temple is built with grey-green chloritic schist[3] in the Hoysala style.[5] More specifically, it is said to be one of the best edifices erected in the Kalyana Chalukyan style influenced by Hoysala architecture.{{sfnp|Joshi|1985|p=86}}

Opposite the idol, there is an octagonal structure known as the "lotus of Hangal".[4] The elaborately-carved structure is {{Convert|9|m|0}} in diameter.[3]{{sfnp|Murray|1859|p=417}}[5][6] A huge stone, {{convert|6|m|0}} in diameter, forms the ceiling of this structure. The stone, cut into the shape of a lotus, is supported by eight pillars.[4] Next to each of the eight pillars, there are sculpted stone pillars which mark the Guardians of the Directions (ashtadikpalaka).{{sfnp|Murray|1859|p=417}}

Near the main temple, there is a hall supported by 12 pillars worshipping Nandi, the bull ridden by Shiva. It and an adjacent hall are provided with an inclined balcony for sitting. The columns are made in a "lathe-turned" octagonal polished form and carved with geometric designs. The two halls are topped by stepped-pyramid roofs. The exterior walls are profusely ornamented with sculptures of miniature temples and other images.[5]

The Ganesha temple is located northeast of the main temple and oriented to the south. The temple has a "stepped plan" with a sanctum preceded by a square-shaped open hall.[1] Done in the Nagara style,{{sfnp|Kamath|1996|p=256}} The tower (shikhara) is made of several miniature towers in north Indian style. The hall has a parapet with many carvings.[1]

The temple complex has three memorial stones sculpted with religious and military scenes, located in front of the halls.[3] It also has a 12th-century hero stone which shows contemporary battle weapons.[7]

References

Citations

1. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01932000.html |contribution=General View of Small Temple North-East of the Tarakeshvara Temple, Hangal |accessdate=22 May 2016 |publisher=British Library |title=Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections }}.
2. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_dharwad.asp |contribution=Dharwad Circle, Karnataka |title=Archaeological Survey of India |date=2011 |location=New Delhi |accessdate=22 May 2016 |publisher=Ministry of Culture }}.
3. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000965s1u00042000.html |contribution=Hungul. A temple. |accessdate=22 May 2016 |series=Online Gallery |publisher=British Library |title=Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections }}.
4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA242 |title=Handbook of the Bombay Presidency: With an Account of Bombay City |author=Edward Backhouse Eastwick |publisher=John Murray |year=1881 |page=242 }}
5. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u01930000.html |contribution=General View from the South-West of the Tarakeshvara Temple, Hangal |accessdate=22 May 2016 |publisher=British Library |title=Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections }}.
6. ^{{citation |contribution-url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/h/019pho0000965s1u00089000.html |contribution=Hungul, Sculptured Memorial Stone, Hangal |accessdate=22 May 2016 |publisher=British Library |title=Asia, Pacific, and Africa Collections }}.
7. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOe4AAAAIAAJ |title=Defence architecture in early Karnataka |author=S. K. Joshi |publisher=Sudeep |year=1985 |page=xiv }}

Bibliography

  • {{citation |last=Joshi |first=S.K. |title=Defence Architecture in Early Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOe4AAAAIAAJ |date=1985 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan }}.
  • {{citation |first=Suryanath U. |last=Kamath |title=A Handbook of Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Karnataka Gazetteer Department, Government of Karnataka }}.
  • {{citation |last=Murray |first=John |title=A Handbook for India, Part II: Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA417 |year=1859 }}.

External links

  • {{commons category inline|Tarakesvara Temple, Hangal|Tarakeshwara Temple}}

1 : Shiva temples in Karnataka

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