| 词条 | TXS 0506+056 |
| 释义 |
| name = TXS 0506+056 | image = | caption = | epoch = | constellation name = | ra = {{RA|05|09|25.9645434784}} | dec = {{DEC|+05|41|35.333636817}} | z = 0.3365 ± 0.0010 | h_radial_v = | gal_v = | group_cluster = | type = Blazar of BL Lac-type | mass = | mass_light_ratio = | size = | stars = | appmag_v = 14.78 | appmag_b = 14.95 | absmag_v = | size_v = | half_light_radius_pc = | half_light_radius_arcminsec = | h1_scale_length_pc = | h1_scale_length_arcminsec = | xray_radius_pc = | xray_radius_arcminsec = | notes = | names = QSO J0509+0541, EGR J0509+0550, 2MASS J05092597+054135, VSOP J0509+0541 | references = [1][2][3] }} TXS 0506+056 is a very high energy blazar – a quasar with a relativistic jet pointing directly towards Earth – of BL Lac-type.[3] With a redshift of 0.3365 ± 0.0010,[3] it is about {{convert|1.75|Gpc|e9ly|lk=on|abbr=off}} from Earth. Its approximate location on the sky is off the left shoulder of the constellation Orion.[3] Discovered as a radio source in 1983, the blazar has since been observed across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. TXS 0506+056 is the first known source of high energy astrophysical neutrinos[8], identified following the IceCube-170922A neutrino event[9] in an early example of multi-messenger astronomy.{{refn|[10][11][12][13]}} The only astronomical sources previously observed by neutrino detectors were the Sun and supernova 1987A, which were detected decades earlier at much lower neutrino energies.[8] Observational historyThe object has been detected by numerous astronomical surveys, so has numerous valid source designations. The most commonly used, TXS 0506+056, comes from its inclusion in the Texas Survey of radio sources (standard abbreviation TXS) and its approximate equatorial coordinates in the B1950 equinox used by that survey.[4][5] TXS 0506+056 was first discovered as a radio source in 1983.[7] It was identified as an active galaxy in the 1990s, and a possible blazar in the early 2000s.[19] By 2009 it was regarded as a confirmed blazar and catalogued as a BL Lac object.[8] Gamma rays from TXS 0506+056 were detected by the EGRET and Fermi Space Telescope missions.[19][9][10] Radio observations using very-long-baseline interferometry have shown apparent superluminal motion in the blazar's jet.[11] TXS 0506+056 is one of the blazars regularly monitored by the OVRO 40 meter Telescope, so has an almost-continuous radio light curve recorded from 2008 onwards.[12] The gamma-ray flux from TXS 0506+056 is highly variable, by at least a factor of a thousand, but on average it is in the top 4% of brightest gamma-ray sources on the sky.[8][27] It is also very bright in radio waves, in the top 1% of sources.[8] Given its distance, this makes TXS 0506+056 one of the most intrinsically powerful BL Lac objects known, particularly in high-energy gamma rays.[8][27] Neutrino emissionOn September 22, 2017, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory detected a high energy muon neutrino, dubbed IceCube-170922A.[9] The neutrino carried an energy of ~290 tera–electronvolts (TeV); for comparison, the Large Hadron Collider can generate a maximum energy of 13 TeV.[13] Within one minute of the neutrino detection, IceCube sent an automated alert to astronomers around the world with coordinates to search for a possible source.[9] A search of this region in the sky, 1.33 degrees across, yielded only one likely source: TXS 0506+056, a previously-known blazar, which was found to be in a flaring state of high gamma ray emission.[9][8] It was subsequently observed at other wavelengths of light across the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio, infrared, optical, X-rays and gamma-rays.[9][14] The detection of both neutrinos and light from the same object was an early example of multi-messenger astronomy.[13] A search of archived neutrino data from IceCube found evidence for an earlier flare of lower-energy neutrinos in 2014-2015 (a form of precovery), which supports identification of the blazar as a source of neutrinos.[27] An independent analysis found no gamma-ray flare during this earlier period of neutrino emission, but supported its association with the blazar.[8] The neutrinos emitted by TXS 0506+056 are six orders of magnitude higher in energy than those from any previously-identified astrophysical neutrino source.[8] The observations of high energy neutrinos and gamma-rays from this source imply that it is also a source of cosmic rays, because all three should be produced by the same physical processes,[15] though no cosmic rays from TXS 0506+056 have been directly observed.[13] In the blazar, a charged pion was produced by the interaction of a high-energy proton or nucleus (i.e. a cosmic ray) with the radiation field or with matter.[9] The pion then decayed into a lepton and the neutrino. The neutrino interacts only weakly with matter, so it escaped the blazar.[9] Upon reaching Earth, the neutrino interacted with the Antarctic ice to produce a muon, which was observed by the Cherenkov radiation it generated as it moved through the IceCube detector.[9] See also
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P|last2=Eracleous|first2=M|last3=Mattox|first3=J. R}} 22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite journal|last=Padovani|first=P.|last2=Giommi|first2=P.|last3=Resconi|first3=E.|last4=Glauch|first4=T.|last5=Arsioli|first5=B.|last6=Sahakyan|first6=N.|last7=Huber|first7=M.|title=Dissecting the region around IceCube-170922A: the blazar TXS 0506+056 as the first cosmic neutrino source|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=480|issue=1|page=192|language=en|doi=10.1093/mnras/sty1852|arxiv=1807.04461|bibcode=2018MNRAS.480..192P|year=2018}} 23. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |title=Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert |collaboration=IceCube Collaboration |last=Aartsen |journal=Science |date=12 July 2018 |volume=361 |issue=6398 |pages=147–151 |doi=10.1126/science.aat2890|pmid=30002248 |bibcode=2018Sci...361..147I|arxiv=1807.08794}} 24. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Castelvecchi|first=Davide|date=2018-07-12|title=Single subatomic particle illuminates mysterious origins of cosmic rays|journal=Nature|volume=559|issue=7714|pages=309–310|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-05703-y|pmid=30018433|issn=0028-0836}} }} External links
6 : Astronomical events|Astronomical X-ray sources|BL Lacertae objects|Orion (constellation)|Neutrino astronomy|Radio galaxies |
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