“Andrew Cohen (colonial governor)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCMG|KCVO|OBE}} (7 October 1909 – 17 June 1968) was Governor of Uganda from 1952 to 1957.

Early life and education

Cohen was from a distinguished Anglo-Jewish family. He was a descendant of Levi Barent Cohen, the founder of the oldest Ashkenazi family in Britain. He was educated at Malvern College^[1] and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a Cambridge Apostle.

Rhodesia and Nyasaland

As Colonial Office Assistant Undersecretary for African Affairs, Cohen was involved in negotiations for a federal state for the Rhodesias and Nyasaland in 1950. The Jewish Cohen, traumatised by the Holocaust, was an anti-racialist and an advocate of African rights. However, he compromised his ideals to combat a threat that he perceived to be even more menacing: the risk that Southern Rhodesia, if it turned hostile, would fall into the orbit of the National Party government in South Africa.

To Cohen, the risk of radical Afrikaner white supremacy posed a greater menace than the perpetuation of the less inflexible, paternalistic white ascendancy system of Southern Rhodesia. Having come to terms with this compromise, Cohen went on to become one of the central architects and driving forces behind the creation of the Federation, often seemingly single-handedly untangling deadlocks and outright walkouts on the part of the respective parties.

The negotiations and conferences were indeed arduous. Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Territories had very different traditions when it came to the 'Native Question' (Africans) and the roles they were designed to play in civil society. Thus, it took nearly three years for the CAF to be established. And, once it was established, it proved to be "one of the most elaborately governed countries in the world."

Governor of Uganda

In 1952 he was appointed Governor of Uganda, with the task of preparing that country for independence. He reorganised the Legislative Council (LEGCO) to include African representatives elected from districts throughout Uganda, thus creating the basis for a representative parliament. He also introduced economic initiatives, including the establishment of the Uganda Development Corporation.

In 1953 the Lukiiko (Parliament) of Buganda sought independence from Uganda. Edward Mutesa II, the Kabaka (king) of Buganda demanded that Buganda be separated from the rest of the protectorate and transferred to Foreign Office jurisdiction. On 30 November Cohen deposed the Kabaka and ordered his exile to London. His forced departure made the Kabaka an instant martyr in the eyes of the Baganda, whose latent separatism and anticolonial sentiments set off a storm of protest. Cohen's action had backfired, and he could find no one among the Baganda prepared or able to mobilise support for his schemes. After two frustrating years of unrelenting Ganda hostility and obstruction, Cohen was forced to reinstate "Kabaka Freddie".^[2] The Kabaka returned to Kampala on 17 October 1955. Abu Mayanja was among those who escorted Sir Edward Mutesa from his London exile in 1955.

The negotiations leading to the Kabaka's return, although appearing to satisfy the British, were a resounding victory for the Baganda. Cohen secured the Kabaka's agreement not to oppose independence within the larger Uganda framework. Not only was the Kabaka reinstated in return, but for the first time since 1889, the monarch was given the power to appoint and dismiss his chiefs (Buganda government officials) instead of acting as a mere figurehead while they conducted the affairs of government. The Kabaka's new power was cloaked in the misleading claim that he would be only a "constitutional monarch," while in fact he was a leading player in deciding how Uganda would be governed, and would become the country's first president in 1962.

UN Trusteeship Council

From 1957 Cohen was the UK representative to the United Nations Trusteeship Council. In 1959 he was a member of the Special Mission to Samoa, 1,097 square miles, to negotiate its independence from New Zealand. He was involved in the transfer of the Trust Territory of Southern Cameroons, to the French-controlled state of the Cameroun Republic on 1 October 1961 in flagrant violation^[3] of the United Kingdom obligations under the UN Trusteeship Agreement and specifically declarations 1-4 of UN Resolution 1514(xv). Cohen had been misinformed to argue against offering independence to the 16,490 square miles territory. Southern Cameroons people blame him for the fact that the UN did not allow that question in its 1961 plebiscite. English-speaking Southern Cameroons, renamed Ambazonia on 1 October 2017 to mark the 57th anniversary of independence and recolonization, is now drawn into an existential war since 2017 to separate from the French speaking Cameroun Republic which remains a permissible^[4] protégé^[5] of France.

Later life

Cohen was Permanent Secretary of the Minister of Overseas Development from 1964 until his death from a heart attack in 1968.

References

1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=zVUpAAAAYAAJ&q=%22educ.+malvern%22&dq=%22educ.+malvern%22&lr=&cd=50 Profile of Andrew Benjamin Cohen.] Nigeria, Part 2, by Martin Lynn, 2001, pp770.
2. ^{{cite book |last=Gunther |first=John |title=Inside Africa |publisher=The Reprint Society | year=1957 |page=438 }}
3. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8c3S776lmA8] S1:E6 Freely Expressed Wishes of the People of Southern Cameroons.
4. ^[https://www.sfu.ca/~palys/UN-Resolution%201514.pdf] UN Resolution 1514(xv), paragraph 8.
5. ^ France - Cameroun Cooperation Accords since December 26, 1959.