“Binghamton, New York”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

From the days of the railroad, Binghamton was a transportation crossroads and a manufacturing center, and has been known at different times for the production of cigars, shoes, and computers.^[7] IBM was founded nearby, and the flight simulator was invented in the city, leading to a notable concentration of electronics- and defense-oriented firms. This sustained economic prosperity earned Binghamton the moniker of the Valley of Opportunity.^[8] However, following cuts made by defense firms after the end of the Cold War, the region has lost a significant portion of its manufacturing industry.^[9]

Today, while there is a continued concentration of high-tech firms, Binghamton is emerging as a healthcare- and education-focused city, with the presence of Binghamton University acting as much of the driving force behind this revitalization.^[10]

History

Early settlement

The first known people of European descent to come to the area were the troops of the Sullivan Expedition in 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, who destroyed local villages of the Onondaga and Oneida tribes.^[8] The city was named after William Bingham, a wealthy Philadelphian who bought the 10,000 acre patent for the land in 1786, then consisting of portions of the towns of Union and Chenango.^[8]^[11] Joshua Whitney, Jr., Bingham's land agent, chose land at the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers to develop a settlement, then named Chenango Point, and helped build its roads and erect the first bridge.^[8]^[12] Significant agricultural growth led to the incorporation of the village of Binghamton in 1834.^[7]^[8]

The Chenango Canal, completed in 1837, connected Binghamton to the Erie Canal, and was the impetus for the initial industrial development of the area.^[13] This growth accelerated with the completion of the Erie Railroad between Binghamton and New York City in 1849.^[14] With the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad arriving soon after, the village became an important regional transportation center.^[8]^[15] Several buildings of importance were built at this time, including the New York State Inebriate Asylum, opened in 1858 as the first center in the United States to treat alcoholism as a disease.^[16]

Valley of Opportunity: Growth as a manufacturing hub

Binghamton incorporated as a city in 1867 and, due to the presence of several stately homes, was nicknamed the Parlor City.^[7] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many immigrants moved to the area, finding an abundance of jobs. During the 1880s, Binghamton grew to become the second-largest manufacturer of cigars in the United States.^[8] However, by the early 1920s, the major employer of the region became Endicott Johnson, a shoe manufacturer whose development of welfare capitalism resulted in many amenities for local residents.^[17] An even larger influx of Europeans immigrated to Binghamton, and the working class prosperity resulted in the area being called the Valley of Opportunity.^[8]^[17]

In 1913, 31 people perished in the Binghamton Clothing Company fire, which resulted in numerous reforms to the New York fire code.^[18]^[19] Major floods in 1935 and 1936 resulted in a number of deaths, and washed out the Ferry Street Bridge (now the Clinton Street Bridge). The floods were devastating, and resulted in the construction of flood walls along the length of the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers.^[8]^[20]

During the Second World War, growth and corporate generosity continued as IBM, which was founded in greater Binghamton, emerged as a global technology leader.^[21] Along with Edwin Link's invention of the flight simulator in Binghamton, IBM transitioned the region to a high-tech economy. Other major manufacturers included Ansco and General Electric.^[7] Until the Cold War ended, the area never experienced an economic downfall, due in part to its defense-oriented industries.^[8] The population of the city of Binghamton peaked at around 85,000 in the mid-1950s.^[22]

Decline and recovery

Post-war suburban development led to a decline in the city population, as the towns of Vestal and Union experienced rapid growth.^[8] As in many other Rust Belt cities, traditional manufacturers saw steep declines, though Binghamton's technology industry limited this impact. In an effort to reverse these trends, urban renewal dominated much of the construction during the 1960s and early 1970s, with many ornate city buildings torn down during this period.^[8] The construction included the creation of Government Plaza, the Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena, and the Brandywine Highway.^[23]^[24]^[25] As was typical of urban renewal, these projects ultimately failed to stem most of the losses, though they did establish Binghamton as the government and cultural center of the region.^[8] The city's population declined from approximately 64,000 in 1969 to 56,000 by the early 1980s.^[26]

As the Cold War came to a close in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the defense-related industries in the Binghamton area began to falter, resulting in several closures and widespread layoffs^[27] These were most notable at IBM, which sold its Federal Systems division and laid off several thousands of workers.^[9] The local economy went into a deep recession, and the long-prevalent manufacturing jobs dropped by 64% from 1990 to 2013.^[28]

A mass shooting took place on April 3, 2009, at the American Civic Association, leaving 14 dead, including the gunman.^[29]

In the 21st century, the city has attempted to diversify its economic base in order to spur revitalization. The local economy has slowly transitioned towards a focus on services and healthcare.^[10] Major emphasis has been placed on Binghamton University, which built a downtown campus in 2007,^[30] and several student housing complexes have been created downtown.^[31] Further student housing projects are planned, and the increased downtown residential population has spurred development of supporting businesses, along with a renewed focus on the riverfront.^[32] Unfortunately, the recovery has been stymied by two severe floods. While the majority of the impact of the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006 was in the surrounding metropolitan area, the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee topped city flood walls in September 2011, causing $1 billion of damage in greater Binghamton.^[33]

Geography

Cityscape

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|11.14|sqmi|km2}}. {{convert|10.49|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.65|sqmi|km2}} of it (5.83%) is water.^[6]

Binghamton is located at the confluence of two rivers, in the middle of a long but relatively narrow valley.^[5] The north branch of the Susquehanna River passes south of downtown. This branch rises in eastern New York and receives a number of tributaries above Binghamton. In the center of the city, the Chenango River feeds into the Susquehanna from the north. As a result, eleven bridges span the rivers inside city limits. Broome County has 17.5 miles of levees, many of which are in Binghamton.^[34] Major floods have occurred in 1865, 1935, 1936, 2006, and 2011.^[8]^[35]^[36]

The incorporation of Binghamton united various communities located on both shores of the two rivers. The majority of the city's population and development lies along the rolling terrain nearest the riverbanks with sparse development in the hills that define the city limits. The old city was laid out on a grid system by Joshua Whitney, Jr.,^[8] but as development spread to the outer regions of the city and merged with other settlements, several grids were eventually juxtaposed against each other. In the Southside, the grid breaks down, as more curvilinear roads make up the predominantly residential areas along the hills.

The city was the traditional economic center of the region, and contains several historic districts. The Railroad Terminal Historic District consists of several factories and buildings along the railroad line in the northern limits of downtown.^[37] Over 1,000 properties on the West Side contribute to the Abel Bennett Tract Historic District, mainly made up of residential properties along Riverside Drive.^[38] The State Street-Henry Street Historic District in downtown consists of several older low-rise buildings.^[39] The Court Street Historic District contains some of the most notable architecture in the city, including the Press Building and Security Mutual Building, early 20th century high rises, and the Broome County Courthouse.^[40] The Press Building was the tallest building in Binghamton until the completion of the State Office Building in Government Plaza, which remains the tallest in the city.^[41] Away from downtown, the majority of the buildings are single- and multi-family dwellings, along with low-rise business buildings lining commercial arteries. Along the railroad corridors, a number of factories, mostly abandoned, rise above the otherwise-uniform landscape.

Main Street runs through the West Side, and continues west to serve as Main Street in the villages of Johnson City and Endicott. On the east side of the Chenango River, the road becomes Court Street, the major east-west artery in downtown and the East Side.

Neighborhoods

Binghamton is divided into seven neighborhoods.^[42]^[43]^[44] Downtown Binghamton, also known as Center City, is home to most of the city's largest buildings, and is home to government services. Located at the northeast corner of the river confluence, downtown is increasingly being populated by college students, and supports a flourishing arts scene.^[32]^[45] The North Side is across the Norfolk Southern rail tracks from downtown, lying along the Chenango River.^[46] The North Side is a light commercial and working-class residential section of the city, with Chenango Street serving as its major artery. The East Side lies east of the Brandywine Highway, along the north bank of the Susquehanna River. The neighborhood is largely residential with commercial corridors along both Robinson and Court streets, and contains pockets of industrial development along its borders.

Across the Chenango River lies the West Side, a primarily residential neighborhood along the banks of the Susquehanna, containing a combination of family homes, student housing, and stately mansions. Main Street forms the West Side's commercial corridor, made up of several large supermarkets, pharmacies, bank branches, pubs, restaurants, auto shops, and a few strip malls.^[47] The First Ward is a largely residential neighborhood opposite the railroad tracks from the West Side, but is best known for Antique Row, a series of antique shops that line Clinton Street. Several gold-domed ethnic churches are located in this part of the city, as a result of settlement in the area by a large number of Eastern European immigrants.^[48] Ely Park is Binghamton's northernmost neighborhood, and contains its municipal golf course.^[49] It lies on portions of Prospect Mountain and other hills north of the First Ward.

The Southside lies along the south bank of the Susquehanna River, connected to downtown by several bridges. At the base of the historic South Washington Street Bridge is the Southbridge commercial district.^[50] The neighborhood is partitioned into two separate neighborhood assemblies, divided by Pennsylvania Avenue and Southbridge, due to their distinct characters.^[42] Southside East contains working-class residences and some public housing projects, while Southside West is primarily made up of larger middle-class residences.

Climate

Binghamton has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with cold, snowy winters and warm, wet summers.^[51] Summers in Binghamton are typified by warm yet temperate days, and there are an average of only 2.6 days annually where the high exceeds {{convert|90|°F|0}}, with the highest recorded temperature at {{convert|98|°F|0}} on July 16, 1988.^[79] Winters are somewhat less moderate, with 5.8 days with sub-{{convert|0|°F|0}} lows annually on average; the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|−20|°F|0}} on January 15, 1957.^[79] As with most cities in upstate New York, precipitation in Binghamton is spread evenly throughout the year, and as such there is no dry season.^[51]^[79]

Binghamton is the 10th rainiest city in the United States, with 162 rainy days a year.^[52] With 212 cloudy days annually, it is also the seventh cloudiest city in the country, and the cloudiest east of the Rocky Mountains.^[53] Binghamton's proximity to the Great Lakes results in significant cloudiness and precipitation, as weather systems traveling over the lake pick up significant moisture, and cooler air masses from the west and the north culminate in a continuously unsettled weather pattern.^[52]^[54]^[55]

Snowfall is significant, with an annual total of {{convert|84.4|in|cm|0}}. Binghamton is not as greatly affected by lake-effect snow as cities further north or west such as Syracuse and Buffalo, which are part of the Great Lakes snowbelt.^[56] However, persistent snow bands from both the Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes do occasionally result in moderate snows.^[55] Binghamton receives occasional major snowfall from nor'easter storms as well (such as the 1993 Storm of the Century), and competes for the Golden Snowball Award with other upstate cities.^[56]

{{Weather box

|location = Binghamton, New York (Greater Binghamton Airport), 1981–2010 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.}} extremes 1951–present{{efn|Official records for Binghamton were kept exclusively at the airport since 25 May 1951.^[57]}}
|collapsed = Y |single line = Y
|Jan high F = 28.7
|Feb high F = 32.1
|Mar high F = 41.1
|Apr high F = 54.2
|May high F = 65.5
|Jun high F = 73.7
|Jul high F = 77.8
|Aug high F = 76.5
|Sep high F = 68.4
|Oct high F = 56.8
|Nov high F = 45.1
|Dec high F = 33.3
|year high F =54.5
|Jan low F = 15.7
|Feb low F = 17.4
|Mar low F = 24.6
|Apr low F = 35.9
|May low F = 46.1
|Jun low F = 55.2
|Jul low F = 59.6
|Aug low F = 58.3
|Sep low F = 50.7
|Oct low F = 40.1
|Nov low F = 31.4
|Dec low F = 21.2
|year low F =38.1
|Jan avg record high F =51.5
|Feb avg record high F =52.0
|Mar avg record high F =66.1
|Apr avg record high F =77.7
|May avg record high F =83.2
|Jun avg record high F =86.4
|Jul avg record high F =88.8
|Aug avg record high F =87.4
|Sep avg record high F =82.9
|Oct avg record high F =74.0
|Nov avg record high F =65.2
|Dec avg record high F =53.5
|year avg record high F=90.8
|Jan avg record low F = −4.5
|Feb avg record low F = −1.0
|Mar avg record low F = 5.5
|Apr avg record low F = 21.6
|May avg record low F = 32.8
|Jun avg record low F = 41.7
|Jul avg record low F = 49.4
|Aug avg record low F = 46.7
|Sep avg record low F = 35.3
|Oct avg record low F = 27.4
|Nov avg record low F = 16.7
|Dec avg record low F = 2.1
|year avg record low F= −6.9
|Jan record high F = 63
|Feb record high F = 70
|Mar record high F = 82
|Apr record high F = 89
|May record high F = 89
|Jun record high F = 94
|Jul record high F = 98
|Aug record high F = 95
|Sep record high F = 96
|Oct record high F = 85
|Nov record high F = 77
|Dec record high F = 65
|Jan record low F = −20
|Feb record low F = −18
|Mar record low F = −7
|Apr record low F = 9
|May record low F = 25
|Jun record low F = 33
|Jul record low F = 39
|Aug record low F = 37
|Sep record low F = 25
|Oct record low F = 17
|Nov record low F = 3
|Dec record low F = −18
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 2.45
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.31
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.99
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.43
|May precipitation inch = 3.57
|Jun precipitation inch = 4.31
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.70
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.45
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.63
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.33
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.30
|Dec precipitation inch = 2.83
|year precipitation inch=39.30
|Jul snow inch = 0
|Aug snow inch = 0
|Sep snow inch = 0
|Oct snow inch = 1.0
|Nov snow inch = 5.8
|Dec snow inch = 17.8
|Jan snow inch = 22.2
|Feb snow inch = 17.1
|Mar snow inch = 15.1
|Apr snow inch = 4.3
|May snow inch = 0.1
|Jun snow inch = 0
|year snow inch= 83.4
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 15.7
|Feb precipitation days = 13.1
|Mar precipitation days = 14.6
|Apr precipitation days = 13.4
|May precipitation days = 13.7
|Jun precipitation days = 12.6
|Jul precipitation days = 11.8
|Aug precipitation days = 10.6
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 12.5
|Nov precipitation days = 14.6
|Dec precipitation days = 15.5
|year precipitation days=159.2
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.9
|Nov snow days = 6.0
|Dec snow days = 13.4
|Jan snow days = 16.9
|Feb snow days = 13.3
|Mar snow days = 10.4
|Apr snow days = 3.4
|May snow days = 0.2
|Jun snow days = 0
|year snow days =64.5
|Jan sun = 113.0 |Jan percentsun = 38
|Feb sun = 125.9 |Feb percentsun = 43
|Mar sun = 172.5 |Mar percentsun = 47
|Apr sun = 205.1 |Apr percentsun = 51
|May sun = 252.4 |May percentsun = 56
|Jun sun = 274.6 |Jun percentsun = 60
|Jul sun = 295.3 |Jul percentsun = 64
|Aug sun = 256.8 |Aug percentsun = 60
|Sep sun = 202.0 |Sep percentsun = 54
|Oct sun = 162.5 |Oct percentsun = 47
|Nov sun = 92.9 |Nov percentsun = 32
|Dec sun = 79.7 |Dec percentsun = 28
|year percentsun = 50
|Jan humidity = 74.0
|Feb humidity = 72.4
|Mar humidity = 69.3
|Apr humidity = 64.9
|May humidity = 67.0
|Jun humidity = 72.0
|Jul humidity = 72.0
|Aug humidity = 75.4
|Sep humidity = 78.1
|Oct humidity = 73.8
|Nov humidity = 76.4
|Dec humidity = 78.4
|year humidity =72.8
|source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)^[58]^[59]^[60]}}

Demographics

{{US Census population
|1830= 1203
|1840= 2800
|1850= 6000
|1860= 8325
|1870= 12692
|1880= 17317
|1890= 35005
|1900= 39647
|1910= 48443
|1920= 66800
|1930= 76662
|1940= 78309
|1950= 80674
|1960= 75941
|1970= 64123
|1980= 55860
|1990= 53008
|2000= 47380
|2010= 47376
|estyear=2016
|estimate=45672
|estref=^[61]
|footnote=Historical Population Figures^[62]
}}

As of the census^[6] of 2010, there were 47,376 people, 21,150 households, and 9,986 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,516.8 per square mile (1,743.9/km²). There were 23,842 housing units at an average density of 2,273.1 per square mile (877.6/km²). Of all households, 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.9% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.8% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 25.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.94.

Race and ethnicity

Binghamton is home to a large ethnic population. During its industrial heyday, thousands of European immigrants moved to the city as they found an abundance of jobs and working-class prosperity. A large number of Irish, Italians, and Eastern Europeans settled in the area, and the American Civic Association was created to help their transition to life and assimilation in the United States.^[8]^[48] This inrush led to a temporary rise in the local Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s, with Binghamton serving as state headquarters. Area residents, who primarily embraced the different cultural heritages, quelled such anti-immigrant sentiment by founding several ethnic organizations and holding ethnic celebrations, at the encouragement of Endicott-Johnson.^[17]^[63] This has had a lasting effect on the city, which sports a large number of churches and contemporary ethnic festivals, along with a population that is still predominantly white (though steadily decreasing in proportion). As of 2010, the racial makeup of Binghamton was 77.6% White, 11.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.2% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. 6.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Due to its ethnic diversity, there are a large number of religious affiliations within the region. The First Ward was historically home to much of the Eastern European population, and houses several gold dome Orthodox churches.^[48] As a result of its strong Italian and Irish heritage, the largest religious body in Broome County is the Catholic Church.^[64] Binghamton falls under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse. Throughout the county, 105,064 people, or 52.4% of the total population, are listed as congregational adherents.^[64]

Population trends

Until the mid-1950s, Binghamton saw its population grow rapidly due to its industrial boom, and was one of the largest 100 cities in the United States between 1890 and 1910.^[8]^[22]^[65] Since 1950, the city has experienced sustained population loss, some of which was the result of suburbanization.^[62] Much of the recent population loss has occurred throughout the region, and is skewed towards the younger population, resulting in the growth of the relative proportion of the elderly in Broome County.^[66]

Age and sex

In the city, the population was spread out with 19.9% under the age of 18, 15.0% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

Metropolitan area

The Binghamton metropolitan area is home to 251,725 people. The MSA is composed of all of Broome County and neighboring Tioga County. The urban area, which includes portions of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, has a population of 158,054.^[3] Alternatively defined, the number of people living in an approximately 30-mile radius of the city center is 316,270.^[67] This count includes Broome County and portions of Tioga, Cortland, Delaware, Chenango, and Tompkins Counties in New York, and parts of Susquehanna, Bradford, and Wayne Counties in Pennsylvania.

Income and poverty

The median income for a household in the city was $30,978, and the median income for a family was $43,436. Males had a median full-time income of $40,170 versus $35,060 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,576. About 23.6% of families and 33.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.3% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

After the boom of the cigar industry in the 1880s,^[8] the Binghamton area became increasingly reliant on large manufactures, with both Endicott Johnson, a shoe manufacturer, and IBM employing 15,000 to 20,000 local workers at their peak.^[8]^[17] Other companies with a significant historical presence included Link Aviation Devices, Ansco, and General Electric.^[7] Several other notable businesses started in Binghamton, such as Valvoline,^[68] the Nineteen Hundred Washer Company (which merged to form Whirlpool),^[69] and Dr. Kilmer's Swamp Root, a famous patent medicine.^[70] Dick's Sporting Goods started out as a fishing store in the East Side in 1948, and remained headquartered in Binghamton until 1994.^[71]

Much of Binghamton's current employment base is still oriented towards technology and defense manufacturing, though the sector has been diminishing since 1990.^[9]^[10] Areas of specialization include systems integration, flight simulation, and printed circuit board manufacturing. The largest such companies in the area are Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, IBM, Sanmina-SCI, and Universal Instruments.^[72] Other notable technology firms include i3 Electronics,^[73] Rockwell Collins, and L-3 Communications, which absorbed the Link Aviation operations. Although not a large employer, the McIntosh Laboratory is a well-known^[74]^[75] high-end manufacturer of audio amplifiers, receivers, and other components.^[76] Despite the sustained job losses, 13% of New York State's computer and electronics manufacturing jobs are in the Binghamton MSA as of 2010.^[72]

Education and health care are also becoming significant sectors in the regional economy.^[10] In particular, Binghamton University and Broome Community College employ a large number of researchers and educators. Binghamton University contains a New York State Center of Excellence for small-scale systems integration, and has also provided the major impetus behind the Southern Tier High Technology Incubator in downtown Binghamton, which aims to encourage local growth of startups.^[77] Upstate Medical University has been working on expanding the presence of its clinical campus by establishing a permanent home at the former New York State Inebriate Asylum on the East Side.^[78] Major companies in the private healthcare industry include United Health Services and Lourdes Hospital.^[72]

There is also a large presence of food services and distribution companies in Binghamton. Both Maines Paper & Food Service and Willow Run Foods are headquartered in the region, and are two of the largest food distributors in the country, servicing a large region of restaurants and chains throughout the United States.^[79]^[80] Maines is one of the largest private companies in the country.^[79] Crowley Foods, a subsidiary of HP Hood, maintains headquarters in Binghamton,^[81] and Frito-Lay has a large plant in the region.^[72] Agriculture has long played a notable role in the regional economy, and the farm bureau movement started in Binghamton in 1911.^[82]

Other notable local employers include New York State Electric & Gas and Johnson Outdoors.^[72] Two insurance companies, Security Mutual Life and Columbian Financial Group, maintain headquarters in the area.^[83]^[84]

Several large shopping areas exist within the region. Downtown Binghamton is home to a Boscov's department store,^[85] and the development of large student housing projects has resulted in a resurgence of restaurants and service-oriented business downtown.^[32] Previously, downtown was also home to several major department stores, and was the center of regional shopping.^[8] Most shopping, however, has now shifted away from the traditional downtown area towards the suburbs. The town of Vestal has several shopping centers and big-box stores along a five-mile stretch of the Vestal Parkway.^[86] The village of Johnson City is home to the Oakdale Mall, the only indoor super regional mall in the area.^[87] Significant commercial development has also taken place in the town of Dickinson, with numerous shopping centers just north of the city. In the First Ward, Clinton Street is home to Antique Row, a collection of antique shops.^[86]

Education

Primary and secondary education

The public Binghamton City School District has 5,668 students enrolled, and is the largest school district in the metropolitan area.^[88] The district consists of Binghamton High School, two middle schools, and seven elementary schools.^[89] While the district maintains an International Baccalaureate program and has received several academic awards,^[90] it is classified as high needs, and has had difficulty meeting several educational requirements.^[88] The Catholic Schools of Broome County, a private school district affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse, operate Seton Catholic Central High School and an elementary school in the city of Binghamton.^[91]

Higher education

{{See also|Binghamton metropolitan area#Colleges and universities}}

The city of Binghamton is home to three satellite campuses:

The downtown campus of Binghamton University (a State University of New York), which houses the College of Community and Public Affairs.^[92]
A clinical campus of State University of New York Upstate Medical University, established in the city limits for third and fourth year medical students in 1979. Students spend their first two years of medical school in Syracuse, New York and then complete their training in Binghamton.
An Empire State College location in the State Office Building.

The city was previously home to the now-defunct Ridley-Lowell Business & Technical Institute, which was founded in Binghamton in 1850.^[93]^[94]

The suburb of Vestal is home to the main campus Binghamton University. The university is one of four university centers in the SUNY system, and is home to approximately 15,000 students.^[95] Binghamton University is a selective^[96] top-ranking public university,^[97] and is considered to be a Public Ivy.^[98] The university also has a significant research presence, including a New York State Center of Excellence for small-scale systems integration. While the campus is in Vestal, many students living off-campus find housing in the West Side. There has also been a recent push for student housing downtown, intended to be a major driver in the revitalization of the business district.^[99] In addition to its downtown campus, the university operates the Southern Tier High Technology Incubator in the city,^[77] and is in the process of restoring the New York State Inebriate Asylum on the East Side for future use.^[100]

SUNY Broome (formerly Broome Community College) is located just north of the city in Dickinson. A two-year SUNY college, the school is attended by 6,000 commuter students.^[101] Formerly specializing in technical education, SUNY Broome started in downtown Binghamton, and was housed at the Washington Street Armory until a fire in 1951.^[102] The college constructed the Student Village residence hall on campus in 2014 to expand beyond its commuter population.^[103] SUNY Broome also offers courses at several off-campus locations, two of which are in the city.^[104] The college is in the process of renovating the former Carnegie Library into the SUNY Broome Culinary & Event Center, which will house its hospitality programs.^[105]^[106]

Davis College (formerly Practical Bible College), a Bible college, in also nearby, in the village of Johnson City. The Elmira Business Institute also has a Vestal campus.

Arts and culture

The region has, in the last several years, developed a growing and pervasive arts scene. These include a large cluster of art galleries^[107] and shops centered around downtown Binghamton. These galleries have given rise to the First Friday Art Walk, through the efforts an association of local artists and merchants in Downtown Binghamton.^[108] These events have been drawing large crowds downtown since 2004. Artists of local prominence that display or have galleries include photorealist painter Anthony Brunelli, Orazio Salati, and Marla Olmstead, a local child who achieved fame in the art world for her abstract art.^[109]^[110]^[111]

The Binghamton Philharmonic is the region's premiere professional orchestra.^[112] Founded in 1955, the Philharmonic provides symphonic music to all of the Southern Tier.^[113] Concerts are performed throughout the year, with a variety of classical, pops and chamber music.^[114] The Tri-Cities Opera stages full-scale operas at the Broome County Forum. The professional company has performed since 1949, and is famed for its actor training program.^[115] Several other semi-professional and amateur orchestras and theaters exist in the region, such as the Cider Mill Playhouse.^[112]

The Roberson Museum and Science Center, at the heart of Binghamton, is home to the Binghamton Visitor's Center, the Link Planetarium, and a number of exhibits detailing the culture and history of Greater Binghamton and the Southern Tier.^[112]^[116] The Kopernik Observatory & Science Center observatory is the largest public observatory in the northeast United States.^[117] The Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park, in the Southside, opened in 1875, and is the fifth oldest zoo in the nation.^[118]

Binghamton is known as the Carousel Capital of the World, as it houses six of the remaining antique carousels. Two of these are within city limits, one at Recreation Park and another at the Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park.^[119] Other visitor attractions include the Phelps Mansion museum, the Cutler Botanic Garden, the Bundy Museum of History and Art, and the interactive, child-oriented Discovery Center.^[117] The Center for Technology & Innovation, a museum dedicated to local industry, is currently under construction.^[120]^[121]

The area is the home of the regional dish known as the spiedie. It is very popular locally, and numerous restaurants in the area serve spiedies, but they have only experienced limited penetration beyond the Southern Tier and Central New York.^[122] Spiedies are celebrated at the Spiedie Fest and Balloon Rally, which is held at Otsiningo Park every August and attracts over 100,000 people annually.^[123]

Other annual events held in the city include the St. Patrick's Day parade in March,^[124] July Fest (a festival of jazz music, arts, and crafts held downtown since 1962),^[125] the 100-year-old St. Mary of the Assumption Bazaar in August,^[126] the LUMA Projection Arts Festival in September,^[127] Blues on the Bridge (a September music festival that takes place on the South Washington Street Bridge),^[128] and the Columbus Day Parade and Italian Festival every October, which includes a marching band competition.^[129] Broome County is home to several festivals (including a significant concentration of ethnic celebrations due to its heritage), which in 2001 were recognized by the New York Department of Economic Development as the year's official I Love New York festival, and collectively dubbed the "Festival of Festivals."^[130] Notable former festivities include the Yegatta Regatta and the Pops on the River concert.^[131]

Residents of Binghamton typically speak the Inland Northern dialect of American English, and the region falls within a distinct set of isoglosses that also contain Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse.^[132] Much of the local accent has been subject to the Northern cities vowel shift, though this has not fully taken hold.^[133] Unlike other Inland Northern cities, people in Binghamton typically refer to athletic shoes as sneakers (as opposed to tennis shoes), and to soft drinks as soda (and not pop).^[134]

Sports

{{Panorama
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|fullwidth = 11,888
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|caption = Baseball game at NYSEG Stadium
|alt = A night baseball game in progress in a small outdoor baseball stadium.
|height = 200
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Baseball

The area is home to the Eastern League's Binghamton Rumble Ponies, the Double-A affiliate of the New York Mets. The former Binghamton Mets have sent stars like Daniel Murphy, Noah Syndergaard, Steven Matz, Juan Lagares, José Reyes, David Wright, Preston Wilson, Ike Davis, Zack Wheeler, Edgardo Alfonzo, Jon Niese, and Jay Payton to the majors.

Binghamton has a long history in professional baseball dating back to 1877. Teams nicknamed the Crickets, the Bingoes, and for many years the Triplets represented Binghamton in the New York State League (now defunct), the New York–Pennsylvania League, the International League and the Eastern League (1892–94, 1938–1963, 1967–1968, 1992–present).

The 1887 Binghamton Bingoes of the International League attracted national attention when the white players revolted against the two black players on the team. The reaction around the league forced Binghamton to release the black players, and the team itself folded shortly thereafter.

The Binghamton Triplets of the Eastern League, founded in 1923, became a farm club of the New York Yankees in 1932, and sent many players to New York through 1968, when the team folded. Notably, the Hall of Fame pitcher Whitey Ford was a starting pitcher for the Triplets in 1949.

Football

Binghamton has also been home to two semi-professional football teams, the Broome County Dragons (members of the Empire Football League) and the Southern Tier Green Machine (members of the North American Football League). In addition, two women's football teams called Binghamton home; the Binghamton Tiger Cats (members of the Independent Women's Football League) and the Southern Tier Spitfire (members of the Women's Football Alliance). As of 2015, none of these teams play.

Golf

The B.C. Open was an official PGA Tour event that was held annually from 1971 to 2005 at Endicott's En-Joie Golf Course. (Note that the 2006 B.C. Open had to be played in Verona, N.Y. due to extensive damage during the June 2006 Flooding of the Susquehanna River.) Beginning in 2007, the area hosted a PGA Champion's Tour event, the Dick's Sporting Goods Open. The event replaced the B.C. Open and continues to be played at En-Joie Golf Course in Endicott.

Hockey

Professional hockey arrived in Binghamton in 1973 with the founding of the Broome Dusters of the North American Hockey League. The Dusters were popular from the start with a wide open style of play which was unusual in professional hockey at the time. When the league folded in 1977, the Providence team of the American Hockey League moved to Binghamton and became the Binghamton Dusters. The team became the Binghamton Whalers from 1980 to 1990 and the Binghamton Rangers from 1990 to 1997 as a result of affiliations with the NHL Hartford Whalers and New York Rangers. Later the Binghamton Senators who were the AHL affiliate of the Ottawa Senators came to town. The B-Sens won division titles on 2003 and 2005, reaching the AHL conference finals in 2003 and winning the Calder Cup in 2011. The B-Sens sent stars like Jason Spezza, Robin Lehner, Chris Kelly, Jakob Silfverberg and Jean-Gabriel Pageau to the NHL. The B-Sens relocated to Canada for the 2017-18 season, and were replaced by the Binghamton Devils who are the AHL affiliate of the New Jersey Devils. They play their home games at Floyd L. Maines Veterans Memorial Arena.

Tennis

The area is also home to an annual Professional Tennis Challenger, the Levene Gouldin & Thompson Tennis Challenger, part of the USTA pro circuit (Known as the Frito-Lay Tennis Challenger in years past). Tennis greats such as Lleyton Hewitt, James Blake and more recently Andy Murray found their start with this tournament, using it as a spring board to the U.S. Open (tennis).^[135]

NCAA sports

Binghamton University plays Division I college sports as a member of the America East Conference. Division III College Sports are played at Broome Community College. Bobby Gonzalez, former head coach of Seton Hall's men's basketball team was born here, and still has family in the area. King Rice, head basketball coach at Monmouth University, attended Binghamton High School.^[136]

Youth sports

Two world-famous amateur sports tournaments are held in Binghamton. The Stop DWI Holiday Classic – a nationally recognized high school basketball tournament – calls the city home during the Christmas season, amassing about 16 of the nations best teams from places such as Orlando, NYC, Philadelphia, Kentucky, Cincinnati, and other large metropolitan areas. The World Youth Classic is an American Legion youth baseball tournament featuring world-class Legion baseball teams. Held in July, it features teams from Florida, Kentucky, Ohio, New York, Georgia, and New England. As many as 32 teams may play per year.

Motor sports

Since 1978 a round of the American Motorcyclist Association's Motocross Championship has been held at the nearby Broome-Tioga Sports Center. This round of the series has recently been moved to Texas and is no longer hosted by the Broome-Tioga Sports Center. They also host the New York State Motocross Championships each fall and many other semi-pro events throughout the season.

Parks and recreation

Binghamton is known for its bicycling and walking clubs, facilities, and trails. The Binghamton River Trail is an urban trail starting at Confluence Park, where the rivers intersect, and traveling alongside the Chenango River, past the Martin Luther King, Jr. Promenade and Noyes Island, up to Cheri A. Lindsey Park in the North Side. In 2007, Binghamton was named the ninth-greenest city in the U.S. by Country Home magazine.^[137]

Government

Since its incorporation as a city in 1867, Binghamton has been a municipality with a "strong" mayor-council form of government. The city government, originally housed in the old Municipal Building on Collier Street (now the Grand Royale Hotel), is now based at the Binghamton City Hall which occupies the west-wing of Government Plaza on the corner of State and Hawley streets. The mayor and councilors are elected to four-year terms and are limited to serving only two. The Binghamton City Council is a unicameral body consisting of seven Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.

Executive

The current mayor of Binghamton is Richard C. David (R).

The mayor oversees the following city departments:^[138]

Assessment
Building & Construction
City Clerk
Code Enforcement
Dog Control
Economic Development

Engineering
Finance
Fire
Legal
Parks & Recreation
Personnel/Civil Service

Planning Housing & Community Development
Police
Public Works
Vital Statistics
Youth Bureau
Water & Sewer

Legislative

The current 7-member City Council comprises (as of November 7, 2018):

Giovanni Scaringi (R), 1st District
Daniel Livingston (D), 2nd District
Dani Cronce (D), 3rd District
Conrad Taylor (D), 4th District

Chris Papastrat (R), 5th District
John Matzo (R), 6th District
Thomas Scanlon (R), 7th District

The Binghamton City Council meets for Work Sessions on the first and third Monday of the month at 6:00 PM in the Council Work Room. Council holds Business Meetings every first and third Wednesday after the first Monday of the month at 6:30 PM in Council Chambers.^[139]

Neighborhood Assemblies Program

The Binghamton Neighborhood Assemblies Program created seven public forum assemblies in which city residents play a lead role in "restoring the pride" in Binghamton by sharing their concerns, hopes and needs and then working in conjunction with city government and community partners to implement positive change. The initiative was a collaboration between City of Binghamton, Citizen Action of NY, and the Women's Studies Program at Binghamton University.

The assemblies were supported from 2006 through 2009 by a team of seven to nine America-Corps*VISTA volunteers, who worked with residents on media training, beautification projects, youth initiatives, and organizing efforts. The assemblies were an effective way to re-connect citizens with City Hall, however, by the end of Mayor Ryan's first term, only two assemblies remained very active. The City no longer offers direct support to the assemblies, but the South Side and North Side Assemblies continue to meet monthly, driven largely by resident leaders.

Safety

Public safety in Binghamton is the primary responsibility of the 124-officer Binghamton Police Department^[140] and the 119-firefighter Binghamton Fire Department.^[141] The Binghamton Fire Department is composed of 119 paid uniformed firefighters, EMTs and paramedics.

Binghamton Human Rights Law and Commission

In 2008, the City of Binghamton enacted Local Law 08-1, the Binghamton Human Rights Law, which expands protections offered at the state and federal government to include prohibitions against discrimination based on gender identity or expression, height and weight in employment, housing, education and public accommodation. In 2011, under the authority of N.Y. General Municipal Law 239-O and by City of Binghamton Local Law 11-3, the City of Binghamton established the Binghamton Human Rights Commission whose mission is to condemn discrimination in all its forms, to educate the public, and to work to eliminate discrimination against people based on age, race, color, creed, religion, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, weight or height, veteran status, or criminal conviction. Intake forms for claims of discrimination can be found at the Commission's website: www.binghamtonhrc.org.^[142]^[143]

Media

The Press & Sun-Bulletin is the only major daily paper in Binghamton. As of 2014, the region makes up the 159th largest television market in the United States,^[144] as well as the 187th largest radio market.^[145] The market is served by TV stations that are affiliated with the major American broadcast networks, including WBNG-TV 12 (CBS/CW), WBGH-CD 20 (NBC), WIVT 34 (ABC), and WICZ-TV 40 (Fox). WSKG-TV 46 is Binghamton's PBS member station, and serves a large portion of the Southern Tier. Most Binghamton radio stations are owned by one of three groups: Townsquare Media, iHeartMedia, or the locally based Equinox Broadcasting.^[146]^[147]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Binghamton is a major junction in the Interstate Highway System, much as it was during the days of the railroad. Interstate 81, a major north-south route, connects the city to Syracuse and Ontario, as well as to Pennsylvania and Appalachia. Binghamton also serves as the western terminus of Interstate 88, which gives a direct route to Albany. New York State Route 17, the Southern Tier Expressway, is in the process of being upgraded to Interstate 86, and spans the southern border of New York, providing access to New York City, as well as to the western Southern Tier and Erie, Pennsylvania. Between 1953 and 1966, the state constructed an arterial system to alleviate traffic, which includes the Brandywine Highway (New York State Route 7), North Shore Drive (New York State Route 363), and the portion of the Vestal Parkway (New York State Route 434) within city limits.^[148] Other major thoroughfares in the city include Chenango Street, Main Street (New York State Route 17C), and Court/Front Streets (U.S. Route 11).

Public transportation in Binghamton and outlying areas is served by B.C. Transit, a daily bus service provided by Broome County. Binghamton University students are also served by Off-Campus College Transport. Intercity buses originate from the Greater Binghamton Transportation Center, which was opened in 2010 and also serves as the B.C. Transit hub.^[149] OurBus offers bus daily service between Ithaca-Binghamton-Manhattan. Greyhound Lines provides direct routes to Buffalo, Syracuse, Rochester, Scranton, Toronto, and New York City. Short Line Buses offer service to Olean, Ithaca, Utica, Albany, New York City, and Long Island. Trailways of New York also has direct service to Albany and Rochester and Megabus has direct service to New York City.

The Greater Binghamton Airport (IATA code BGM, ICAO code KBGM) is a medium-size regional airport, and the only area airport that offers scheduled airline service. Located {{convert|10|mi|km}} north of downtown, the airport has non-stop flights to Detroit on Delta Air Lines.^[150] The region also has a general aviation airport, Tri-Cities Airport, which is {{convert|10.5|mi|km}} to the west.

Binghamton is served by three freight railroads. Norfolk Southern Railway serves Binghamton with its Southern Tier Main Line (the former Erie Lackawanna mainline) and on the main line between Albany and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (formerly the Delaware and Hudson Railway). The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway maintains lines from Binghamton to Syracuse and Utica, and the Central New York Railroad offers freight service to Port Jervis. Binghamton currently has no railroad passenger service. The last scheduled service, the Lake Cities train from Hoboken, New Jersey to Chicago, ended on January 6, 1970.^[151] New York Senator Chuck Schumer is currently pushing for passenger rail service between Binghamton and New York City via Scranton and the Lackawanna Cut-Off.^[152]

Utilities

Electricity and natural gas service are supplied and distributed by New York State Electric and Gas. The only cable provider in the city is Time Warner Cable, which also offers high-speed internet and digital phone. Verizon provides local telephone and internet service. Plexicomm offers internet and VoIP phone service.^[153] The City Department of Public Works handles garbage and recycling, and maintains city street lights.^[154]

Water and sewer services are maintained by the city government. The primary source of potable water in Binghamton is the Susquehanna River, which is fed through a water treatment facility.^[155] Sewage is treated and then released back into the Susquehanna downstream, at the Binghamton–Johnson City Joint Sewage Treatment Plant. The sewage plant was severely damaged by Tropical Storm Lee, and will require $90 million of repairs.^[156]

Health care

United Health Services (UHS) operates Binghamton General Hospital in the Southside and Wilson Medical Center in Johnson City, while Lourdes Hospital is sponsored by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul. The Dr. Garabed A. Fattal Community Free Clinic is run by Upstate Medical University, and offers services in conjunction with the Broome County Health Department and United Health Services.^[157]

The New York State Office of Mental Health operates the Greater Binghamton Health Center, which will become a regional center of excellence for children's behavior.^[158] The Broome Developmental Center, operated by the state Office for People With Developmental Disabilities, is slated for closure in 2016.^[159] Both facilities have seen patient numbers dwindle in recent years.^[159]^[160]

Sister cities

{{SisterCities|Binghamton|two}}^[161]

{{flagdeco|Russia}} Borovichi, Novgorod Oblast, Russia
{{flagdeco|France}} La Teste-de-Buch, Gironde, Aquitaine, France

Binghamton also has a local sister city project:

{{flagdeco|El Salvador}} El Charcón, La Libertad, El Salvador^[162]

Notes

References

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19. ^{{cite news|last=Simonson|first=Mark|title=Binghamton fire spurred improved safety laws|work=The Daily Star|location=Oneonta, NY|date=July 19, 2008|url=http://thedailystar.com/columns/x112901097/Binghamton-fire-spurred-improved-safety-laws|accessdate=31 August 2013}}
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22. ^¹{{cite book|title=A Brief History of Binghamton, NY, The Parlor City|year=1984|publisher=Binghamton Public Library|location=Binghamton, NY}}
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30. ^{{cite web|title=Campus Facilities|url=http://www.binghamton.edu/visiting-campus/campus-facilities.html|publisher=Binghamton University}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Binghamton & Regional Economy|url=http://www.binghamton-ny.gov/binghamton-regional-economy|publisher=City of Binghamton, New York|accessdate=31 August 2013}}
32. ^¹²{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=David|title=A year of revival for downtown Binghamton|url=http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20121227/NEWS01/312270049/0/news01/Binghamton-had-a-significant-year-in-terms-of-turnaround-|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=Press & Sun-Bulletin|date=27 December 2013|location=Binghamton, NY|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130831192912/http://www.pressconnects.com/article/20121227/NEWS01/312270049/0/news01/Binghamton-had-a-significant-year-in-terms-of-turnaround-|archivedate=31 August 2013|df=}}
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92. ^Location and Contact {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319075303/http://www2.binghamton.edu/ccpa/about-the-college/location-and-contact.html |date=2013-03-19 }}
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95. ^About Binghamton University
96. ^Kiplinger's Best Values in Public Colleges
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102. ^Binghamton Washington Street Armory
103. ^On-Campus Housing
104. ^{{cite web |title=Off-Campus Courses |url=http://www3.sunybroome.edu/offcampus/ |website=SUNY Broome Community College |accessdate=10 January 2019}}
105. ^BCC President Briefs Senator On Exciting Plans
106. ^Greater Binghamton's most innovative economy; Location, technology, and quality of life
107. ^City of Binghamton Around Town {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028114719/http://www.cityofbinghamton.com/around-town.asp |date=October 28, 2007 }}
108. ^First Fridays
109. ^Anthony Brunelli: Biography
110. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.broomearts.org/portfolio-view/orazio-salati-studio-gallery/ |title=Orazio Salati Studio & Gallery |access-date=2018-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114062444/http://www.broomearts.org/portfolio-view/orazio-salati-studio-gallery/ |archive-date=2017-01-14 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
111. ^Child art prodigy wows New York BBC News, 29 September 2004.
112. ^¹²{{cite web | title=Regional Arts Organizations and Venues| url=http://www2.binghamton.edu/cce/volunteer/Fact%20Sheet%2019.pdf| publisher=Binghamton University Center for Civic Engagement | work=Fact Sheet #19 | date=February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113023908/http://www2.binghamton.edu/cce/volunteer/Fact%20Sheet%2019.pdf| archive-date=2013-11-13 | dead-url=yes}}
113. ^Binghamton Philharmonic Orchestra {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113020922/http://binghamtontoday.com/cdps/cditem.cfm?nid=808 |date=November 13, 2013 }}
114. ^2013-2014 Season
115. ^About Tri-Cities Opera {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113032430/http://www.tricitiesopera.com/about.aspx |date=November 13, 2013 }}
116. ^Center for Civic Engagement Database: Roberson Museum and Science Center
117. ^¹Attractions {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130828144447/http://www.binghamtoncvb.com/whattosee/attractions.php |date=2013-08-28 }}
118. ^Ross Park Zoo is one of the oldest zoos in the country
119. ^Broome County Carousels
120. ^New Museum of Innovation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022516/http://www.wbng.com/news/local/Innovating-a-New-Museum-135342603.html |date=2013-11-13 }}
121. ^Center for Technology & Innovation
122. ^The Spiedie - a "Tasty Morsel"
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125. ^{{cite web|title=July Fest Binghamton|url=http://julyfestbinghamton.com/|publisher=Downtown Binghamton Business Association|accessdate=11 September 2013}}
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128. ^{{cite web|title=Blues on the Bridge|url=http://bluesonthebridge.org/|accessdate=11 September 2013}}
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137. ^Best Green Cities
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139. ^City Council {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220173554/http://www.cityofbinghamton.com/department.asp?zone=dept-city-council |date=December 20, 2008 }}
140. ^Police {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222133156/http://www.cityofbinghamton.com/department.asp?zone=dept-police |date=December 22, 2008 }}
141. ^Fire Department {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222133218/http://www.cityofbinghamton.com/department.asp?zone=dept-fire |date=December 22, 2008 }}
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External links

{{official website|http://www.cityofbinghamton.com}}
{{wikivoyage-inline|Binghamton}}
Greater Binghamton Convention & Visitors Bureau
Greater Binghamton Coalition
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Binghamton |short=x}}

{{Binghamton, New York|state=expanded}}{{Broome County, New York}}{{Central New York colleges}}{{New York}}{{Binghamton University}}{{Authority control}}