| 词条 | 2000 Summer Paralympics | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| image = 2000 Summer Paralympics logo.svg | image_size = 150 | host_city = Sydney, Australia | motto = Performance, Power and Pride | nations = 121 | athletes = 3,881 (2,891 men, 9,90 women) | events = 551 in 18 sports | opened_by = Governor-General Sir William Deane | cauldron = Louise Sauvage | opening = 18 October | closing = 29 October | stadium = Stadium Australia | winter_prev = Nagano 1998 | winter_next = Salt Lake 2002 | summer_prev = Atlanta 1996 | summer_next = Athens 2004 }}{{2000 Summer Olympics}} The 2000 Paralympic Games were held in Sydney, Australia, from 18 to 29 October. In September 1993, Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games. To secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games.[1] The Sydney games were the 11th Summer Paralympic Games, where an estimated 3,800 athletes took part in the programme. They commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000. It was followed by the 11 days of fierce international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere. History of the bidThis was the last edition of the Paralympic Summer Games which was run independently of the Summer Olympics, although efforts to unify the two events had already begun at that time and some areas of both such as the Olympic Village and the operational areas were merged for the first time. At the beginning of his candidacy for the Olympic Games, the city of Sydney showed no interest in hosting the Paralympic Games. But in 1993, a few months before the final presentation in Monaco, Adrienne Smith, a sporting inclusion activist and also the executive secretary of the newly founded Australia Paralympic Federation, along with Ron Finneran, the Federation President lobbied to ensure the Paralympics were part of Sydney’s bid for the 2000 Olympics and underwritten by the Federal and State Governments. They also insured that the paralympic athletes would have the same treatment, the same conditions and the same support as their Olympic counterparts. Something that until then was unprecedented and would become a point of no return in the Paralympic Games.[2]After the win, Smith commented that, “We couldn’t go public because if we did it would have ruined the Olympic bid. We had no acknowledgement of financial support from the government until the day of the bid in September 1993.[2] FinanceThe games was estimated to cost AUS$157 million, with the NSW Government and Commonwealth Government contributing AUS$25 million each. The Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) contributed $18 million, within the bid estimates. The Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC) entered into a Host City contract with the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), which outlines the SPOC’s obligations in hosting the Paralympic Games. To cover the costs, other revenue was raised via sponsorship and ticket sales. The 110,000 seat Stadium Australia was completed three months early in February 1999, this stadium was funded mainly by the private sector at an estimated cost of $690 million, the Government contributed $124 million to this project. Though there is no budgeted profit, if any profit is made though the games, repayment to the Federal and State Governments is the first priority. In October 1998, governing bodies of the Paralympics including the SOCOG and the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee initiated a call for volunteers. An estimated total of forty-one thousand Australians answered this call, non-including those sourced from specialist community groups.[1] [3]EnvironmentThe major focus between 1999-2000 was completion of the first stage of the Millennium Parklands. This is composed of 450 hectares of landscape, with up to 40 kilometers of pedestrian and cycle trails. This major first stage included focus on the surrounding Olympic facilities, providing a beautiful landscape for recreational activities, conservation and environmental education/preservation. During this time work on the Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) will continue to progress. The WRAMS will be in use during the games with the first stage (recycled water to be used for flushing and irrigation) to be implemented. This system will continue after the games, and will be fully developed after the games has been completed. The WRAMS system is only one of the many water saving management strategies to be used during the games period. Plans to use stormwater runoff from Newington to be used as irrigation and a requirement for Olympic venues to utilise water saving techniques and devices are also some of the other water saving plans. Stormwater from the Stadium Australia roof is to be collected and used to irrigate the central stadium. An environmental education program is also delivered throughout 1999-2000 to ensure that Homebush Bay and the Sydney Olympics and Paralympics continue to be recognised for their commitment to the environment.[4] AdministrationThe Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The Games were organised by the Sydney Paralyampic Organising Committee led by President Dr John Grant and Chief Executive Officer Lois Appleby. The SOCOG was established at the same time as the Sydney Paralympic organising Committee on 12 November 1993 by the Office of Olympic Co-ordination. In January 1995, SPOC became a public company controlled by the Government, receiving support by both State and Commonwealth Governments. A board of directors including the Premier, Minister for the Olympics, the Treasurer and the Minister for Sport, and Recreation conducted administration. The Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee was responsible for planning and staging the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games including tickets, information on events and disability categorisation, converting Olympic venues to Paralympic venues, conducting events, facilitating drug testing, arranging broadcasting, housing for athletes, arranging medal ceremonies, transporting athletes and conducting the Paralympic torch relay. The Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee also regulated the use of Paralympic Games indicia and images. A committee known as the Joint Working Group was established in June 1997, linking the Boards of both the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee and the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. On 29 November, the Sydney Games Administration Act 2000 was passed. The legislation caused the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee to dissolve from 1 January 2001, its assets and liabilities were transferred to the Olympic Coordination Authority.[5] Political contextThe Sydney 2000 Paralympics was only the sixth time that the Paralympics had been held in the same city as the Olympic Games. Removal of the Olympic Rings was viewed by some as just another snub in a long line of poor decisions made by the IOC. The launch of the Paralympics was somewhat overshadowed as the Olympics minister Michael Knight announced his retirement on the same day. His timing was viewed by many as insensitive to the Paralympics. A day after this, Sydney politicians organised a large city rally to thank Olympic volunteers, however they had arranged for this to occur on the same day as the Paralympic torch relay. The Government soon realised the clash and refused to alter the day of the rally. Paralympic organisers received praise for selecting Kylie Minogue and indigenous Australian band Yothu Yindi for the Opening Ceremonies, when the olympic organisers already have the knowledge of this, quickly made the invitation the two for the Olympic Closing Ceremonies.[6] Controversy{{main|Cheating at the Paralympic Games}}The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games were marred by one of sport's biggest controversies which saw a classification of athlete removed from the next two Paralympic games.[7] Fernando Vicente Martin, former head of the Spanish Federation for Mentally Handicapped Sports, allowed athletes with no disabilities to compete at the Games in order to win the gold medal. The team at the centre of the row was the Spanish basketball team, who won the gold medal in the Basketball ID, beating Russia 87-63, despite fielding a team mainly composed of athletes with no intellectual disability.[7] It was claimed that at least 10 of the 12 Spanish players had no disability, rather were recruited to improve the team's performance and guarantee future funding. Martin was later suspended by the IPC and expelled by the Spanish Paralympic Committee.[11] The athletes were quickly exposed and the IPC reacted by removing all events from the following Games for athletes with intellectual disabilities. The decision was overturned for the 2012 Games in London. Along with the controversy surrounding the Spanish basketball team, the games turned over 11 positive doping tests out of a total 630. Of these 11 positive tests, 10 were from male athletes and 1 from a female athlete. This leaves the games with the highest number of positive tests from the 1992 - 2008 Paralympics.[8] Mascot{{main article|Lizzie (mascot)}}The mascot for the 2000 Paralympics was "Lizzie" the Frill-necked Lizard. LogoThe 2000 Summer Paralympic Games logo was representative of a dynamic human form leaping triumphantly forward and 'breaking through' towards the games. Not only, was this depicted through the logo, but so too was the Paralympic Torch and the sails of the famous Sydney Opera House, through the use of three graphic shapes. The colors used are unique to Australia also for the Paralympic Symbol and represent the blue of Sydney Harbour, the warm red of the Earth, and lush forest green. The logo embodies Sydney's vitality, Australia's spirit, and the achievements of a Paralympic athlete. CeremoniesThe opening ceremony commenced on Wednesday 18 October at 8.00 pm with over 6000 performers taking part.[9] Australian artist Jeffrey St. John sang the national anthem "Advance Australia Fair" and "The Challenge" at the Opening Ceremony. Kylie Minogue ended the ceremony with the songs "Waltzing Matilda","Celebration" and her hit "Spinning Around" at the Opening Ceremony. Australian actor Bryan Brown was selected as ceremony narrator for the evening. Other performers for the Opening Ceremony included the band Yothu Yindi, Nathan Cavaleri, Melissa Ippolito, Taxiride, Billy Thorpe, Jack Thompson, Renee Geyer, Tina Harris, Vanessa Amorosi and Christine Anu. Australian country artist Graeme Connors sang his song 'Being Here', which was specially written for the event. Addresses were given by Dr John Grant, President of the SPOC and Dr Robert Steadward, President of the IPC prior to Sir William Deane declaring the official opening of the games. This was followed by Tracey Cross, a blind swimmer, taking the oath on behalf of the athletes and Mary Longden, an Equestrian Referee, taking the oath on behalf of the officials. The Paralympic torch entered the stadium and was passed from Katrina Webb to Louise Sauvage who then lit the cauldron.[9] The closing ceremony took place on Sunday 29 October at 7.30 pm. The athletes intermingled with other nations and took to the stage for a party filled with fire, emotion and celebration. During this time, the Paralympic flag was handed over to the Athens Paralympic Organising Committee to the sounds of Mikis Theodorakis 'Axion Esti, Tis Dikiosinis Helie Noite' performed by the Millennium Choir and the Millennium Children’s Choir. The Australian group, The Seekers, sang their hit song "The Carnival Is Over" as the finale to the Closing Ceremony. Judith Durham, who had a broken hip, sang from a wheelchair.[9] VenuesIn total 13 venues were used at the 2000 Summer Olympics and one new venue were used at the Games in Sydney.[10] Sydney Olympic Park{{Main article|Sydney Olympic Park}}
Sydney
Torch relayThe Torch Relay Programme's objectives were to develop a route and an event which would help maintain momentum between the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games, promote the Paralympic Games and encourage ticket purchases. It was also to safely deliver the Paralympic flame to the Opening Ceremony. While the relay visited each Australian capital city, it also focused strongly on Sydney and the surrounding region, as this was the main catchment area for ticket sales. The Paralympic Torch Relay succeeded in generating community and media support for the Games, with crowds in many areas and significant crowds lining the Sydney metropolitan route in the final two days of the relay. The event, which commenced with a lighting ceremony at Parliament House, Canberra on 5 October 2000, involved 920 torchbearers, each of whom carried the flame an average of 500 metres. After visiting each capital city (except Sydney) by air, the relay travelled in New South Wales (NSW) from Moss Vale through the Southern Highlands, Illawarra, Campbelltown, Penrith, Windsor, Hunter and Central Coast areas before heading to Sydney. Highlights included:
Sports and impairment groupsThe games included 561 separate medal events in 18 sports. For the first time, women's events were included in the powerlifting programme and wheelchair rugby, a demonstration sport at the 1996 Paralympics, was contested as a medal-awarding sport.[11]
Impairment groups for the games included:
Games highlightsThe Sydney Paralympics were deemed the "best Games ever" by Dr. Robert Steadward (then president of the International Paralympic Committee). The games were Australia’s most successful in history, with the nation achieving their highest medal count. Of the 149 medals won, 63 were gold, 39 silver, and 47 were bronze, from ten different sports. Ticket sales exceeded organisers’ initial targets, with 1.1 million tickets sold; nearly twice that of the 1996 Summer Paralympics. The Australian team had a number of notable gold-medal winning performances. Individual achievements included swimmer Siobhan Paton’s six gold medals in the 200m SM14 individual medley, and S14 100m freestyle, 50m butterfly, 50m backstroke, 200m freestyle, and 50m freestyle. She set nine world records in the process. Tim Sullivan topped the track and field medal tally with five gold medals. Sullivan won three gold medals in the T38 200m, 100m, and 400m events, and won two gold medals in relay events alongside Darren Thrupp, Adrian Grogan and Kieran Ault-Connell (T38 4X400m and 4X100m races). The top performing female track and field athlete was Lisa Llorens, who won three gold medals from the F20 high jump, long jump and T20 200m. Lorens also won a silver medal in the T20 100m. Other track medallists included Neil Fuller won two golds in the T44 200m, and 400m events, as well as one individual bronze medal in the T44 100m. Fuller later combined with Tim Matthews, Stephen Wilson and Heath Francis to win another two gold medals in the T45 4X100m relay and T46 4X400m relay. Heath Francis went on to win a total of three golds and one silver after also winning an individual gold and silver in the T46 400m and T46 200m events respectively. Other track medallists were Amy Winters with two golds in the T46 200m and 100m T46, and a bronze in the T46 400m. Greg Smith also won three gold medals in the 800m, 5,000m and 1,500m T52 events. In Cycling, Matthew Gray won two golds in the velodrome in the individual cycling mixed 1 km time trial LC1, and a gold in the mixed team sprint with Paul Lake and Greg Ball. Sarnya Parker and Tania Morda also won two golds in the women’s cycling tandem 1 km time trial and women’s tandem cycling individual pursuit open.[12] Medal count{{Main|2000 Summer Paralympics medal table}}A total of 1657 medals were awarded during the Sydney games: 550 gold, 549 silver, and 558 bronze. The host country, Australia, topped the medal count with more gold medals and more medals overall than any other nation. Great Britain took the most silver medals, with 43, and tied Australia for the most bronze medals, with 47.[13] In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation (in this context a nation is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. {{legend2|#ccf|Host country (Australia)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}{{Medals table| caption = | host = | flag_template = FlagIPCteam | event = 2000 Summer | team = | gold_AUS = 63 | silver_AUS = 39 | bronze_AUS = 47 | host_AUS = yes | gold_GBR = 41 | silver_GBR = 43 | bronze_GBR = 47 | gold_CAN = 38 | silver_CAN = 33 | bronze_CAN = 25 | gold_ESP = 38 | silver_ESP = 30 | bronze_ESP = 38 | gold_USA = 36 | silver_USA = 39 | bronze_USA = 34 | gold_CHN = 34 | silver_CHN = 22 | bronze_CHN = 17 | gold_FRA = 30 | silver_FRA = 28 | bronze_FRA = 28 | gold_POL = 19 | silver_POL = 23 | bronze_POL = 11 | gold_KOR = 18 | silver_KOR = 7 | bronze_KOR = 7 | gold_GER = 16 | silver_GER = 41 | bronze_GER = 38 }} Participating delegationsOne-hundred and twenty-three delegations participated in the Sydney Paralympics. Included among them was a team of "Individual Paralympic Athletes" from East Timor. The newly independent country had not yet established a National Paralympic Committee, so the International Paralympic Committee invited East Timorese athletes to compete at the games under the title of Individual Paralympic Athletes.[14] Barbados, Benin, Cambodia, El Salvador, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Palestine, Rwanda, Samoa, Turkmenistan, Vanuatu and Vietnam competed for the first time.[15]{{clear}}{{Col-begin}}{{Col-3}}
Media coverageMedia coverage of the Paralympic Games has steadily increased over the years. In the table below, the approximate number of accredited media at the Paralympic Summer Games from 1992-2008 has been listed.[16]
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation had approximately 200 staff in Sydney for the Olympic games, 6 of whom stayed on to cover the Paralympic games. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired four one-hour shows of the Paralympic Games after the event was finished. TV New Zealand also aired four one-hour specials of the games post event. In the United States, CBS broadcast a special called 'Role Models for the 21st Century: The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games'. The special was two hours long and aired in November. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allowed viewers the opportunity to express their opinions towards the games. Comments were posted under the heading "Has the Sydney Paralympics been a success?" on their website. One viewer, Carole Neale from England was cited as posting: "I am so disappointed to find the coverage limited to less than an hour per evening, on at a time when most people are still travelling home from work, and dismissed to BBC2, unlike the Olympics which had a prime time evening slot on BBC1 as well as constant live coverage".[17] ViewsDame Tanni Grey-Thompson, multiple Paralympic gold medallist for Great Britain, later said of the Sydney Games: "Sydney 2000 will always hold a special place in the hearts of everyone who was there. The Aussies love their sport and they treated us simply as sportsmen and women. We weren’t regarded as role models or inspirations, we were competitors. Some of us won gold medals, most didn’t, but, hey, that’s life. Sydney was phenomenal because, from day one, you felt there was something extraordinarily special in the air. Sydney was an athletic Disneyland, it was where magic happened. It probably marked the time and place when Paralympians genuinely became part of the Olympic Movement."[18] See also{{Portal|Paralympics}}
Bibliography
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/4245/bp2_6.pdf|title=Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games|publisher=NSW Treasury|date=1999–2000|accessdate=22 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327105057/http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/4245/bp2_6.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^1 {{cite news|last=Horton|first=Luke|title=Adrienne’s amazing Olympics bid effort|url=http://www.macleayargus.com.au/news/local/news/general/adriennes-amazing-olympics-bid-effort/2179989.aspx|accessdate=26 June 2012|newspaper=Macleay Argus|date=31 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/131/62_Sydney_Olympic_Games.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y|title=Performance Audit Report|publisher=The Audit Office of New South Wales|date=n.d.|accessdate=22 August 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/4245/bp2_6.pdf|title=Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games|publisher=NSW Treasury|date=1999–2000|accessdate=22 August 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327105057/http://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/4245/bp2_6.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/3486 |title=Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC) |publisher=NSW Government State Records |date=1 January 2001 |accessdate=22 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018092401/http://search.records.nsw.gov.au/agencies/3486 |archivedate=18 October 2015 |df=dmy }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/oct/09/worlddispatch.comment2|title=Don't forget 'les autres'|publisher=Patrick Barkham|date=9 October 2000|accessdate=22 August 2015}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/othersports/article-2459172/Spanish-basketball-team-pretended-disabled-win-Paralympic-gold-guilty-fraud.html|title=Man that led shameful Spanish basketball team who pretended to be disabled to win Paralympic gold found guilty of fraud|publisher=Simon Tomlinson|date=15 October 2013|accessdate=22 August 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://paralympicanorak.wordpress.com/2012/05/03/is-doping-a-bigger-problem-at-the-paralympic-games-than-the-olympic-games/|title=Is doping a bigger problem at the Paralympic Games than the Olympic Games?|publisher=paralympicanorak|date=3 May 2012|accessdate=12 October 2015}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Brittain |first=Ian |date=2012 |title=From Stoke-Mandeville to Stratford: A History of the Summer Paralympic Games|publisher= Illinois: Common Ground}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=The Experience|publisher=Sydney 2000 Paralympics Organizing Committee |year=2000 |url=http://www.olympics.com/eng/paralympics/the_experience/sports/index.html |accessdate = 23 October 2016 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20000229132054/http://www.olympics.com/eng/paralympics/the_experience/sports/index.html| archivedate= 29 February 2000 | deadurl= yes}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=Sydney 2000 - General Information |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |date=August 2001 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Sydney_2000/ |accessdate=2011-07-12 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/featurearticlesbytitle/E7E546D49DCA1D97CA257298000CED32?OpenDocument|title=A look back at the Sydney Paralympics|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=25 January 2002|accessdate=22 August 2015}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Medal Standings - Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |year=2008 |url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/reports.html?type=medalstandings&games=2000PG |accessdate = 2011-07-12 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=East Timor's tiny team gets warm welcome |publisher=ESPN |date=18 October 2000 |url=http://static.espn.go.com/oly/summer00/news/2000/1018/825268.html |accessdate=2009-03-13 }} 15. ^"Still growing: Paralympics world's second-largest sporting event" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917041639/http://quicktime.cnnsi.com/paralympics/news/2000/09/15/games_history/ |date=17 September 2008 }}, Sports Illustrated, 20 September 2000 16. ^{{Cite book|title = Benchmark Games, The Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games|author1=Cashman, Richard |author2=Simon, Darcy|publisher = Walla Walla Press|year = 2008|isbn = 978-1-876718-05-3|location = Petersham, NSW|pages = 59}} 17. ^1 {{Cite book|title = The Paralympic Games Explained|last = Brittain|first = Ian|publisher = Routledge|year = 2010|isbn = |location = 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN|pages = 74–75}} 18. ^"Please don't cry for them" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915103046/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080831/SPORTCOLUMNISTS/440583136/-1/NEWS |date=15 September 2008 }}, The National, 31 August 2008 External links{{commons category|2000 Summer Paralympics}}
11 : 2000 in Australian sport|2000 Summer Paralympics|International sports competitions hosted by Australia|2000 in multi-sport events|Australia at the Paralympics|Multi-sport events in Australia|Sports competitions in Sydney|Summer Paralympic Games|October 2000 sports events|2000s in Sydney|Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales |
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