“Bistrița”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bistrița ({{IPA-ro|ˈbistrit͡sa|-|Ro-Bistrița.ogg}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Bistritz}}, archaic Nösen;,^[1] Transylvanian Saxon: Bästerts, {{lang-hu|Beszterce}}) is the capital city of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in northern Transylvania, Romania. It is situated on the Bistrița River. The city has a population of approximately 70,000 inhabitants, and it administers six villages: Ghinda (Windau; Vinda), Sărata (Salz; Sófalva), Sigmir (Schönbirk; Szépnyír), Slătinița (Pintak; Pinták), Unirea (Wallendorf; Aldorf) and Viișoara (Heidendorf; Besenyő).

Etymology

The town was named after the Bistrița River, whose name comes from the Slavic word bystrica meaning "fast-moving water".

History

The earliest sign of settlement in the area of Bistrița is in Neolithic remains. The Turkic Pechenegs settled the area in 12th century following attacks of the Cumans. Transylvanian Saxons settled the area in 1206 and called the region "Nösnerland".{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} A large part of settlers were fugitives, convicts and poor people looking for lands and opportunities.^[2] The destruction of Markt Nosa ("Market Nösen") under the Mongols of central Europe is described in a document from 1241. Situated on several trade routes, Bistrița became a flourishing medieval trading post.

Bistrița became a free royal town in 1330. In 1353, King Louis I of Hungary granted the town the right to organize an annual 15-day fair on Saint Bartholomew day, as well as a seal containing the coat of arms of an ostrich with a horseshoe in its beak. The town is given the right to be surrounded by defensive walls in 1409. In 1465, the city's fortifications had 18 defensive towers and bastions defended by the local guilds. It was also defended by a Kirchenburg, or fortified church. The town was badly damaged by fire five times between 1836 and 1850.^[3] The church suffered from fire in 1857, when the tower's roof and the bells were destroyed. The roof was rebuilt after several years.

Fires in the nineteenth century also destroyed much of the city's medieval citadel.

A Jewish community developed in Bistrița after the prohibition on Jewish settlement there was lifted in 1848,^[4] organizing itself in the 1860s. The synagogue, consecrated in 1893, is among Transylvania's largest and most impressive.^[4] The community was Orthodox with a strong Hasidic section, but there were also Jews who adopted German and Hungarian culture. A Zionist youth organization, Ivriyah, was founded in Bistrița in 1901 by Nissan Kahan, who corresponded with Theodor Herzl and there was significant support for the Zionist movement in the town between the two world wars.^[4] A large yeshivah flourished under the direction of the rabbi of Bistrița, Solomon Zalman Ullmann, between 1924 and 1942.^[4]^[4] In World War I, 138 Bistrița Jews were conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army; 12 were killed in action.^[4]

The city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. On December 1 that year, Transylvania united with Romania, and Romanian Army troops entered Bistrița on December 5.^[5] The city reverted to Hungarian control between 1940 and 1944 and was reintegrated, with all of Northern Transylvania, into Romania after World War II.^[4]

World War II

During World War II, the Hungarian authorities deported several dozen Jewish families in 1941 from Bistrița to Kamenets-Podolski in the Ukraine, where they were killed by Hungarian soldiers. The Jews of Bistrița, as elsewhere in Hungary, were subjected to restrictions, and Jewish men of military age were drafted for forced labor service. In May 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Bistrița ghetto, set up at Stamboli Farm, about two miles from the city. The ghetto consisted of a number of barracks and pigsties. At its peak, the ghetto held close to 6,000 Jews, including those brought in from the neighboring communities in Beszterce-Naszód County. Among these were the Jews of Borgóbeszterce, Borgóprund, Galacfalva, Kisilva, Marosborgó, Nagyilva, Nagysajó, Naszód, Óradna, and Romoly. The ghetto was liquidated with the deportation of its inhabitants to Auschwitz in two transports on June 2 and 6, 1944.^[6]^[7]

Bistrița, town, capital of Bistrița-Năsăud județ (county), northern Romania. Settled in the 12th century by immigrant Germans, it acquired free-city status in 1353. Holding an annual fair, it developed extensive markets throughout Moldavia, and its craftsmen travelled extensively. In 1713 the Romanian population was expelled by the Saxon magistrates, but they returned later, and Bistrița was joined to Romania in 1918, along with all of Transylvania. It was part of Hungary from 1940 to 1944. Foodstuffs and building materials are important in the economy. The area around the town is noted for its timber and wines. Năsăud, a few miles northwest, is famous for its timber and fruit and for the fine embroidery on traditional peasant costumes. Pop. (2007 est.) 83,039.^[8]

Recent events

On June 11, 2008, the tower and roof of the church caught fire when three children who went to steal copper set it on fire while playing.^[9] The main part of the church suffered just a little damage and is not in much danger, the interior being intact. It is speculated that both bells residing in the tower (one dating from the 15th century, the other from the 17th) might have melted.

Climate

Demographics

According to the last census, from 2011, there were 70,493 people living within the city of Bistrița,^[11] making it the 30th largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup was as follows:

Prior to World War II there was a sizable Jewish community living in the town. In 1891, 718 of the 9,100 inhabitants (8%) were Jews; in 1900 (11%) and 2,198 (16%) in 1930.^[12] In 1941 there are 2,358 (14%).^[12] In 1947 1,300 Jews resettled in Bistrița, including survivors from the extermination camps, former residents of neighboring villages, and others liberated from the Nazi concentration camps.^[12] Given continuing discrimination and unfavorable political conditions, the Jewish population declined steadily as a result of emigration to Israel, the United States, and Canada. By 2002, only about 15 Jews lived in the city.^[6]

Main sights

Popular culture

In Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, the character Jonathan Harker visits Bistrița (rendered as "Bistritz", the German name for the city, in the original text) and stays at the Golden Krone Hotel ({{lang-ro|Coroana de Aur}}); although no such hotel existed when the novel was written, a hotel of the same name has since been built.

In the PlayStation 2 game Shadow Hearts, Bistrița (where it is spelled "Biztritz") was a major place and home to the role-playing character Keith Valentine.

Transportation

The major cities directly linked by trains to this city are Bucharest via a night train, and Cluj-Napoca via several trains. Access from Bistrița to major railway lines is generally through connections in Dej or Beclean, although some other trains stop at the nearby railway junction of Sărățel.

Bistrița also serves as a midway point for C&I, a transport service, and is a changing point for people traveling between Suceava, Satu Mare, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Sighișoara, Târgu Mureș, and Brașov.

Nearest airport is Cluj-Napoca Airport, which is located {{convert|110|km|0|abbr=off}} from Bistrița.

Tourism

Natural reservations

Resorts

Museums and exhibitions

Natives

Sport

Teams

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

References

1. ^Siebenbürgen Village List. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
2. ^K. Gündisch, Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons. Langen-Müller, Munich, {{ISBN|3784426859}}
3. ^Leslie S. Klinger, The New Annotated Dracula, W. W. Norton, 2008
4. ^¹²Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: A-J, pp. 152-53. NYU Press, 2001, {{ISBN|978-081-4793-76-3}}
5. ^{{ro icon}} Florina Pop, "Bistrița: Fotografie unicat din decembrie 1918", Adevărul, December 1, 2010; accessed September 26, 2013
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marton |first=Yehouda |author= |authorlink= |author2=Schveiger, Paul |author3=Braham, Randolph |editor= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica |title=Bistrita|url= |accessdate= |language= |edition=2nd |year= 2007|publisher= |volume=2|location= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |pages= |quote= |ref= }}
7. ^{{cite book |title=Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary|last=Braham |first=R.L |authorlink= |year=2000|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location= |isbn=0814326919|page= }}
8. ^https://www.britannica.com/place/Bistrita
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.szabadsag.ro/szabadsag/servlet/szabadsag/template/news%2CPQuickNewsScreen.vm/id/2809 |title=Három roma kiskorú gyújtotta fel a besztercei templom tornyát – Körkép – Gyorshírek – Szabadság |publisher=Szabadsag.ro |date=June 23, 2008 |accessdate=2013-03-26}}
10. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RO/15085.TXT| title = Bistrița Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = March 21, 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=2140&judet_id=2237&localitate_id=2238 | title = Ethno-demographic Structure of Romania | accessdate = January 2, 2011 | publisher = The Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center }}
12. ^¹²{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Bistrita |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/bistrita}}
13. ^The total surface of the property covers 16.5 hectares and consists of a dendrological park (with approx. 150 indigenous and exotic species) Arcalia Centre {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907113135/http://www.ubbcluj.ro/en/structura/sport/arcalia |date=September 7, 2015 }}, Babeș-Bolyai University, retrieved on August 18, 2015
14. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/# | title = Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | work = Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra}}