请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Arms embargo
释义

  1. Historical examples

     Argentina  Indonesia  Iran  People's Republic of China  South Africa 

  2. List of current arms embargoes

     Former embargos 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

An arms embargo is an embargo that applies solely to weaponry, and may also apply to "dual-use technology". An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes:

  • to signal disapproval of behavior by a certain actor,
  • to maintain neutrality in an ongoing conflict, or
  • to limit the ability of an actor to inflict violence on others,
  • to weaken country's military capabilities before foreign intervention.

Historical examples

Argentina

United States President Jimmy Carter imposed an arms embargo on the 1976 Argentinian Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional (National Reorganization Process) military junta due to the Dirty War that took place from 1974 to 1983. The embargo was joined by the United Kingdom following the 1982 Falklands War. The ban was lifted in the 1990s after Argentina was named as a major non-NATO ally. During those years, Argentine armed forces shifted to Western European countries and Israel for supplies.

Indonesia

The United States government imposed an arms embargo against Indonesia in 1999 due to human rights violations in East Timor. The embargo was lifted in 2005.

Iran

The United States imposed economic sanctions against Iran following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. However, to secure the release of American hostages, several senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s, in a scandal called the Iran–Contra affair.[1] In 1995 the US expanded sanctions to include firms dealing with the Iranian government.[2]

In March 2007, UN Security Council Resolution 1747 tightened the sanctions imposed on Iran in connection with the Iranian nuclear program. The UN sanctions were lifted on 16 January 2016.

People's Republic of China

The United States and the European Union stopped exporting arms to China after 1989, due to the Chinese government's violent suppression of protests in Tiananmen Square. In 2004-05, there was some debate in the EU over whether to lift the embargo.[3]

[4]

South Africa

The arms embargo of South Africa from 1977 extended to dual-use items. The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 in 1994.

List of current arms embargoes

The countries included in the list are under arms embargo of the United Nations or another international organization (EU, OSCE and others) or country. In some cases the arms embargo is supplemented by a general trade embargo, other sanctions (financial) or travel ban for specific persons. In some cases the arms embargo applies to any entity residing or established in the country, but in others it is partial – the recognized government forces and international peacekeepers are exempted from the embargo.{{Expand list|date=March 2010}}

  • Armenia and Azerbaijan (by OSCE),[5] 1992–2012 (only end for Azerbaijan)
  • Central African Republic (by Security Council),[6] 2013–
  • Myanmar (by EU),[7] 1990–
  • People's Republic of China (by EU/US),[8][9] 1989–
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo (by UN, EU),[10] 2003/1993– (UN/EU)
  • Ivory Coast (by UN, EU),[11] 2004-
  • Eritrea (by UN, EU),[12] 2010–
  • Guinea (by EU),[13] 2009–
  • Iran (by UN, EU),[14] 2006–
  • Iraq (by UN, EU),[15] 1990– (no longer in effect [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kuwait-un-idUSBRE95Q0V720130627 U.N. council brings Iraq closer to end of 1990s sanctions])
  • Libya (by UN) 2011-[16]
  • North Korea (by UN, EU),[17] arms and luxury goods, 2006–
  • Lebanon (by UN, EU),[18] 2006–
  • Somalia (by UN, EU),[19] 1992/2002– (UN/EU)
  • South Sudan (by UN) 2018-
  • Sudan (by UN, EU),[20] 2004/1994– (UN/EU)
  • Uzbekistan (by EU),[21] 2005–2009 [22]
  • Zimbabwe (by EU),[23] 2002–

Former embargos

  • Rwanda (by UN in Resolution 918 and EU)[24] (UN: 1994–2008, EU: {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}})
  • Sierra Leone (by UN and EU),[25] 1997–2010[26]
  • Syria (by EU),[27] 2011–2013[28]
  • Turkey (by USA) 1975–1978[29]
  • Vietnam (by US) 1984–1995
  • Yugoslavia (by UN in Resolution 713 and EU)[30] (UN/EU: September 1991):[31][32]

See also

  • Arms control
  • Arms Export Control Act (United States)

References

1. ^The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24
2. ^{{cite news |author=Ariel Zirulnick |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-Issues/2011/0224/Sanction-Qaddafi-How-5-nations-have-reacted-to-sanctions./Iran |title=Sanction Qaddafi? How 5 nations have reacted to sanctions: Iran |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=13 February 2012}}
3. ^http://www.sldinfo.com/the-eu-arms-embargo-repeal-debate/ The EU Arms Embargo Repeal Debate
4. ^https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_/ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency
5. ^OSCE Nagorno Karabakh arms embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604042651/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/armenia/index.html |date=June 4, 2009 }}
6. ^[https://www.un.org/sc/committees/2127/ Security Council arms embargo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704151700/http://www.un.org/sc/committees/2127/ |date=July 4, 2014 }}
7. ^EU Myanmar arms embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118100103/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/burma/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
8. ^EU China arms embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118101217/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/china/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
9. ^US China arms embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023155440/http://useu.usmission.gov/Dossiers/Chinese_Arms_Embargo/default.asp |date=October 23, 2008 }}
10. ^DR Congo arms embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118012729/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/dem-repub-congo/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
11. ^Ivory Coast embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508075209/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Ivory-Coast/index.html |date=May 8, 2009 }}
12. ^EU Sanctions measures {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331172836/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf |date=March 31, 2010 }}
13. ^EU Guinea embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118095142/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/guinea/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
14. ^Iran embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125132713/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iran/index.html |date=November 25, 2009 }}
15. ^Iraq embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609173225/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/iraq/index.html |date=June 9, 2009 }}
16. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/security-council-libya-arms-embargo-place-150328111924635.html|title = UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place|last = |first = |date = March 28, 2015|work = Al Jazeera English|access-date = August 5, 2015|via = }}
17. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.gov.uk/guidance/arms-embargo-on-democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea-north-korea |title = Embargoes and sanctions on Democratic People's Republic of Korea |date=4 June 2013|website = GOV.UK }}
18. ^Lebanon embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214082425/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/Lebanon/index.html |date=February 14, 2010 }}
19. ^Somalia embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118100058/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/somalia/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
20. ^Sudan embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118095802/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sudan/index.html |date=January 18, 2010 }}
21. ^EU Uzbekistan embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213192308/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/uzbekistan/index.html |date=December 13, 2009 }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/uzbekistan |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-11-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054520/http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/uzbekistan |archivedate=2016-05-07 |df= }}
23. ^EU Zimbabwe embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604170131/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/zimbabwe/index.html |date=June 4, 2009 }}
24. ^Rwanda embargo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218050713/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/rwanda/index.html |date=February 18, 2010 }}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100304144721/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/sierraleone/index.html|title=Export Controls: Sanctions and Embargoes: Sierra Leone|first=Edwina Wontner, BDAU, ECO,|last=edwina.wontner@berr.gsi.gov.uk|date=3 March 2010|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|accessdate=11 April 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/09/29/lifts-arms-embargo-sierra-leone/|title=UN lifts arms embargo on Sierra Leone|author=|date=29 September 2010|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=11 April 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/09/syria-european-union-arms-embargo|title=EU imposes arms embargo on Syria|first=Associated Press in|last=Brussels|date=9 May 2011|website=the Guardian|accessdate=11 April 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/28/uk-forced-eu-embargo-syria-rebel-arms|title=UK forces EU to lift embargo on Syria rebel arms|first=Ian|last=Traynor|date=28 May 2013|website=the Guardian|accessdate=11 April 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MuratKaragoz1.pdf|title=US Arms Embargo against Turkey – after 30 Years, An Institutional Approach towards US Policy Making|author=|date=|website=sam.gov.tr|accessdate=11 April 2018}}
30. ^United Nations Security Council Resolution 713
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/bosnia|title=EU arms embargo on the former SFR of Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) {{!}} SIPRI|website=www.sipri.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-31}}
32. ^https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/bosnia

External links

  • [https://www.academia.edu/5475879/The_EU_Arms_Embargo_on_China_a_Swedish_Perspective_2010_ Hellström, Jerker (2010) "The EU Arms Embargo on China: a Swedish Perspective", Swedish Defence Research Agency]
  • US Bureau of Industry and Security
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100228062658/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/europeandtrade/strategic-export-control/sanctions-embargoes/by-country/index.html UK Current Arms Embargoes and Other Restrictions]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100403000924/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index_en.htm European Commission CFSP Sanctions]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306155147/http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/transfers/controlling/arms_embargoes SIPRI database of multilateral arms embargoes since 1990]

2 : Arms control|Embargoes
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/17 10:22:43