| 词条 | Blanding's turtle |
| 释义 |
| image = Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) (17812011862).jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1][2] | classification_status = disputed | genus = Emydoidea | species = blandingii | authority = (Holbrook, 1838)[1][3][4] | display_parents = 2 | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = | range_map = Emys blandingii distribution.svg | range_map_caption = The range of Blanding's turtle | synonyms = *Testudo flava Lacépède, 1788 (nomen suppressum)
| synonyms_ref = [4][5][6] }}Blanding's turtle (Emys blandingii or Emydoidea blandingii)[1][4] is a semi-aquatic turtle of the family Emydidae. This species is native to central and eastern parts of Canada and the United States.[2] It is considered to be an endangered species throughout much of its range.[7] Blanding's turtles are of interest in longevity research, as they show little to no common signs of aging and are physically active and capable of reproduction into eight or nine decades of life.[13][8] TaxonomyThere are differences of opinion as to the genus for this species; both Emys and Emydoidea occur in published sources in 2009, 2010, and 2011.[1][3] EtymologyBoth the specific name, blandingii, and the common name, Blanding's turtle, are in honor of American naturalist Dr. William Blanding (1773–1857).[9] DescriptionBlanding's turtle is a medium-sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately {{convert|18|to|23|cm|in|abbr=on}} with a maximum of {{convert|25.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. The plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. The head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. Blanding's turtle is also called the "semi-box" turtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtle's. ReproductionBlanding's turtle takes 14–20 years to reach sexual maturity. Mating probably occurs in April and early May with nesting beginning in early June and lasting throughout the month.[10] The clutch size varies from region to region. In New York, the clutch size ranges from 5–12 eggs with an average of eight. Behavior and life spanBlanding's turtle overwinters under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as Brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans and other invertebrates, fish, frogs, crayfish, carrion, berries, and vegetable debris. It is capable of catching live fish. Blanding's turtle may live to be 80 years. Based on the extreme lack of aging symptoms and lack of age related decline, these turtles are considered a negligibly senescent species.[11] Blanding's turtle is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. If away from water, the turtle will withdraw into its shell. It is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. It is very agile and a good swimmer. Distribution and habitatThe geographic range of E. blandingii centres on the Great Lakes, and extends from central Nebraska and Minnesota (where it twice failed to become the state reptile)[12] eastward through southern Ontario and the south shore of Lake Erie as far east as northern New York. There are also isolated populations in southeastern New York (Dutchess County), New England and Nova Scotia.[13] Its general habitat is wetlands with clean shallow water. It is known to bask on logs, and will wander far from water, particularly when nesting. It generally nests in sunny areas, with well drained soil. Younger turtles may bask on sedge and alder hummocks. Young will often travel far in search of mating sites, new habitat, or new food sources, as do elder turtles. Conservation statusThe primary threat to Blanding's turtle is habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators.[2] It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List[2] as endangered in some U.S. states, and as either threatened or endangered throughout Canada, though it has no federal status in the U.S. The Blanding's turtle is also not currently listed under CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) protection, but is under consideration as of 2013.[14] The U.S. states in which it is considered endangered are Indiana,[15] Illinois, Missouri,[16] Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and South Dakota.[17] It is considered threatened in New York.[18] Blanding's turtle is also fully protected in Michigan as a special concern species, and is not to be collected or harmed.[19] In Nebraska, this turtle is uncommon in the eastern portion of the state, but common to abundant in the Sand Hills region lakes, ponds, and streams. In Canada, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River population in Ontario and Quebec is federally threatened[20] and the Nova Scotia population is endangered.[21] Conservation and recovery efforts in Nova Scotia have been in place for two decades and rely on habitat and life history monitoring based on the work of researchers and volunteers. Habitat protection has proven crucial. The population in Kejimkujik has been placed under the highest level of protection; the McGowan Lake population was initially protected by Bowater but has since been taken over by the Province. In Pleasant River, Nova Scotia Nature Trust protects four separate segments of critical habitat.[22] References1. ^1 2 3 {{Harnvb|Rhodin|2011|p=000.185}} 2. ^1 2 3 van Dijk PP, Rhodin A (2011). Emydoidea blandingii. (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. Downloaded on 6 August 2017. 3. ^1 {{Harnvb|Rhodin|2010|pp=000.138–000.139}} 4. ^1 2 {{Harnvb|Rhodin|2010|pp=000.105–000.106}} 5. ^Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 149–368. (Emydoidea blandingii, pp. 180–181). 6. ^Emys blandingii. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/tessp/profile.cfm?Type=Freshwater%20Turtle&Name=Blanding's%20Turtle&View=Species|title=Blanding's Turtle|publisher=Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers}} 8. ^Michael Brooks (2008). 13 Things That Don't Make Sense, Ch 9: "Death", NY: Doubleday, {{ISBN|9781861978172}} 9. ^{{cite book|vauthors=Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M|year= 2011|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn= 978-1-4214-0135-5|page=27}} 10. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=MacCulloch RD, Weller WF|title=Reproduction in a Lake Erie population of Blanding's Turtle, Emydoidea blandingii|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|date=1988|volume=66|issue=10|pages=2317–2319|doi=10.1139/z88-345}} 11. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.clarecanfield.com/emydoidea-blandingii/|title=Emydoidea blandingii |date=2016-10-30|newspaper=The Moirai – Aging Research|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-13}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Minnesota State Symbols—Unofficial, Proposed, or Facetious|url=http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/unsym.aspx|publisher=Minnesota State Legislature|accessdate=2011-02-25}} 13. ^{{cite book|vauthors=Ernst CH, Barbour RW, Lovich JE|year=1994|title=Turtles of the United States and Canada|publisher= Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington|page= 242}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/international/cites/cop16/cop16-proposal-appendix-ii-listing-of-blandings-turtle.pdf|title=CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENTS TO APPENDICES I AND II|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 15. ^{{Cite web|author=Indiana Legislative Services Agency|year=2011|title=312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians|work=Indiana Administrative Code|accessdate=28 Apr 2012|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Endangered Species in the Field Guide|url=http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/endangered-species/endangered-species-field-guide|website=Discover Nature Field Guide|publisher=MO Dept. of Conservation|accessdate=4 September 2015}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pubstorage.sdstate.edu/agbio_publications/articles/ec919.pdf|title=A Field Guide to South Dakota Turtles|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=South Dakota State University|access-date=}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Blanding's Turtle Fact Sheet|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7166.html|publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|accessdate=22 May 2015}} 19. ^Blanding's Turtle (Emys blandingii, DNR, Michigan 20. ^Blanding's Turtle Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population, Species At Risk Public Registry 21. ^Blanding's Turtle Nova Scotia Population, Species At Risk Public Registry. 22. ^{{cite book|author=Government of Canada|year=2017|title=Recovery Strategy for the Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia Population, in Canada|publisher=Species at Risk Public Registry|url=http://sararegistry.gc.ca/document/doc2243p/p3_e.cfm?pedisable=false}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Emydoidea blandingii}}
7 : Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)|Reptiles of the United States|Reptiles of Canada|Reptiles of Ontario|Emys|Reptiles described in 1838 |
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