| 词条 | Asma al-Assad |
| 释义 |
| honorific-prefix = | name = Asma al-Assad {{lang|ar|أسماء الأسد}} | honorific-suffix = | image = Asma Al-Assad in 2008.jpg{{!}}border | imagesize = | smallimage = | caption = Asma al-Assad in 2008 | president = Bashar al-Assad | office = First Lady of Syria | term_label = Assumed role | term_start = 13 December 2000 | term_end = | predecessor = Anisa Makhlouf | successor = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|8|11}} | birth_place = London, England | death_date = | death_place = | birthname = Asma Akhras | nationality = British, Syrian | spouse = Bashar al-Assad {{marriage||2000}} | parents = Fawaz Akhras (father) Sahar Otri (mother) | children = 3 | alma_mater = King's College London (B.Sc) }}Asma al-Assad ({{lang-ar|أسماء الأسد}}, Levantine pronunciation: {{IPA-ar|ʔasˈmaːʔ elˈʔasad|}}; {{née|Akhras}}, {{lang-ar|أسماء فواز الأخرس}}: {{IPA-ar|ˈʔasma fawˈwaːz elˈʔaxras|}}; born 11 August 1975) is the First Lady of Syria. Born and raised in London to Syrian parents, she is married to the 19th and current President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad.[1][2] Assad graduated from King's College London in 1996 with a bachelor's degree in computer science and French literature. She had a career in investment banking and was set to begin an MBA at Harvard University when she married Bashar al-Assad in December 2000. She resigned from her investment banking job following the wedding and remained in Syria, where their three children were born. As First Lady she played a major role in implementing governmental organisations involved with social and economic development throughout the country as part of a reform initiative under Bashar's governance which was halted due to the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War.[3] As a result of the ongoing Syrian Civil War, Assad is subject to economic sanctions relating to high-level Syrian government officials, making it illegal in the European Union (EU) to provide her with certain material assistance, for her to obtain certain products, and curtailing her ability to travel within the EU, excluding the United Kingdom where she is a citizen.[4][5][6] Early life and educationAssad was born Asma Akhras on 11 August 1975 in London to Fawaz Akhras, a cardiologist at the Cromwell Hospital, and his wife Sahar Akhras (née Otri), a retired diplomat who served as First Secretary at the Syrian Embassy in London.[7][7] Her parents are Sunni Muslims and of Syrian origin, hailing from the city of Homs.[7][8] She grew up in Acton, London, where she went to Twyford Church of England High School and later a private girls' school, Queen's College, London.[9] She graduated from King's College London in 1996 with a first-class honours Bachelor of Science degree in computer science and a diploma in French literature.[10] She speaks English, Arabic, French, and Spanish.[7] Finance careerAfter graduating from King's College London, she started work as an economics analyst at Deutsche Bank Group in the hedge fund management division with clients in Europe and East Asia.[7][7] In 1998, she joined the investment banking division of J.P. Morgan where she worked on a team that specialised in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies.[11][12] She credits her banking experience with giving her "analytical thinking" and an ability to "[understand] the business side of running a company".[18] She was about to pursue a MBA at Harvard University when, on holiday at her aunt's in Damascus in 2000, she was reacquainted with Bashar al-Assad, a family friend.[13] First LadyAfter Hafez al-Assad's death in June 2000, Bashar took over the presidency.[14] Asma moved to Syria in November 2000 and married Bashar in December of that year. The marriage surprised many since there had been no media reports of their dating and courtship prior to the wedding.[7] Many interpreted the union as a reconciliation and sign of progression towards a reformative government as Asma grew up in the United Kingdom and represents the Sunni majority unlike the Alawite Bashar.[15] After the wedding, Asma travelled throughout Syria to 100 villages in 13 of the 14 Syrian governorates to speak with Syrians and learn where she should direct her future policies.[16] She went on to create a collection of organisations that functioned under the charity sector of the government, referred to as the Syrian Trust for Development; the organisations include FIRDOS (rural micro-credit), SHABAB (business skills for youth), BASMA (helping children with cancer), RAWAFED (cultural development), the Syrian Organisation for the Disabled, and the Syrian Development Research Centre, aimed to target rural communities, economic development, disabled citizens, cultural development, and children's and women's development, respectively. Most well-known were the MASSAR centers she created, locations that functioned as community centers for children to learn active citizenship. Due to this work, she earned a spot as one of the Middle East 411 Magazine's "World's Most Influential Arabs".[17] Public imageDescribed by media analysts as an important part of the public relations effort of the Syrian government in her tenure as First Lady, Assad was credited with taking progressive positions on women's rights and education.[12][18][19] The United Nations Development Programme spent US$18 million to help organise a complex set of reform initiatives showing the Syrian government was working toward a more modern and progressive form of government, a key part of which was helping to create "a reformer's aura" for Assad, highlighting her participation in the Syrian Trust for Development until the programme was suspended as the country descended into civil war.[20][21] As a Sunni Muslim by birth, Assad's leading role was also important for the view of the Syrian government and President among the Sunni majority of Syria.[7] Syrian Civil WarA serious blow has been dealt to her public image since the Syrian Civil War intensified in early 2012, as the First Lady was criticised for remaining silent throughout the beginning of the Syrian uprising.[7][23] She issued her first official statement to the international media since the insurrection began in February 2012, nearly a year after the first serious protests.[18][24][25] Also in February 2012, she sent an email to The Times stating: "The President is the President of Syria, not a faction of Syrians, and the First Lady supports him in that role." The communiqué also described her continued support for charities and rural development activities and related that she comforts the "victims of the violence".[26][23][27] On 23 March 2012, the European Union froze her assets and placed a travel ban on her and President Bashar al-Assad's other close family members as part of escalating sanctions against the Syrian government.[28][29][30] Assad herself remains able to travel to the UK because of her British citizenship but is banned from entering the rest of the EU.[31] On 16 April 2012, Huberta von Voss Wittig and Sheila Lyall Grant, the wives of the German and British ambassadors to the United Nations, released a four-minute video asking Assad to stand up for peace and urge her husband to end the bloodshed in her country.[32][33] She had not been seen in public regularly since the July 2012 bombing of the Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate, leading to press speculation that she had fled the capital or the country.[34][35] She made a public appearance at the Damascus Opera House for an event called "Mother's Rally" on 18 March 2013, refuting the rumours.[36][37] She made another public appearance in October 2013 and again refuted rumours of her departure, stating: "I was here yesterday, I'm here today and I will be here tomorrow."[38] As of November 2016, her public Instagram page continues to be updated with photos of her engaged in community service activities.[39] "A Rose in the Desert"In February 2011, Vogue published "A Rose in the Desert," a flattering profile of Assad by veteran fashion writer Joan Juliet Buck.[40] The article was later removed from Vogue's website without editorial comment that spring.[7][41][42] Responding to media inquiries about the disappearance of Assad's profile, Vogue's editor stated that "as the terrible events of the past year and a half unfolded in Syria, it became clear that {{bracket|Syria’s}} priorities and values were completely at odds with those of Vogue".[43] Buck has since written another article for The Daily Beast giving an extremely critical account of Assad.[45] Personal lifeAsma and Bashar al-Assad have three children. Their first child, a son named Hafez after Hafez al-Assad, was born in 2001, and followed by their daughter Zein in 2003, and their second son Karim in 2004.[46] Assad enjoys theatre, opera and visiting the cinema.[47] On 8 August 2018, it was announced that she had begun treatment for early stage breast cancer.[48] References1. ^"Assad's British wife targeted by EU as Annan pursues talks on ceasefire" Saturday, 24 March 2012, The Scotsman 2. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8503481/Is-Asma-Assad-in-London.html |title=Is Asma Assad in London? |work=The Telegraph |first=Nabila |last=Ramdani |date=10 May 2011 |accessdate=11 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611144310/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/8503481/Is-Asma-Assad-in-London.html |archivedate=11 June 2011 |deadurl=no}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ruiz de Elvira|first1=L.|last2=Zintl|first2=T.|title=The end of the Ba'athist social contract in Bashar al-Assad's Syria: reading sociopolitical transformations through charities and broader benevolent activism|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=2014|volume=46|issue=2|pages=329–349}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9162194/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-hit-with-EU-sanctions.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 March 2012 |title=Syria: Asma al-Assad hit with EU sanctions}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304724404577299000830390154 |work=The Wall Street Journal |first1=Frances |last1=Robinson |first2=Laurence |last2=Norman |date=24 March 2012 |title=EU Targets Bashar al-Assad's Wife With New Sanctions |subscription=yes}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/syrias-stylish-ladys-shopping-sprees-now-hit-sanctions/story?id=15976684 |publisher=ABC News |first=Alexander |last=Marquardt |date=23 March 2012 |title=Syria's Stylish First Lady's Shopping Sprees Now Hit By Sanctions}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/19/us-syria-asma-idUSBRE82I0MB20120319 |title=Asma al Assad, a "desert rose" crushed by Syria's strife |agency=Reuters |date=19 March 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013 |last=Golovnina |first=Maria}} 8. ^{{cite news |last=Bar'el |first=Zvi |title=In Syria, the army's loyalty to Assad runs deep |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/in-syria-the-army-s-loyalty-to-assad-runs-deep-1.358310 |accessdate=17 July 2011 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=27 April 2011}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/president-assads-wife-banned-from-europe-770546 |title=President Assad's wife banned from travelling to Europe... but not Britain |work=The Mirror |date=23 March 2012 |accessdate=17 July 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news |first=Oliver |last=Harvey |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2514525/Sexy-Brit-bringing-Syria-in-from-the-cold.html |title=Sexy Brit bringing Syria in from the cold |work=The Sun |date=3 July 2009 |accessdate=26 March 2011}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=//www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady.html |title=The First Lady |publisher=Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521010308/http://www.syrianembassy.us/first_lady.html |archivedate=21 May 2012 }} 12. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/magazine/10SYRIA.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |first=James |last=Bennet |date=10 July 2005 |title=The Enigma of Damascus}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9458674/At-home-with-the-Assads-an-eerie-memoir-of-Syrias-first-family-before-the-slaughter-began.html|first=Joan Juliet|last=Buck|title=At home with the Assads: an eerie memoir of Syria's first family before the slaughter began|publisher=Daily Telegraph|date=12 August 2012}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Buck|first1=Joan Juliet|title=My Vogue interview with Syria's First Lady|url=http://www.newsweek.com/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615|agency=Newsweek|publisher=Newsweek|date=July 30, 2012}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=L.|title=The European press views the Middle East|journal=The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=2001|volume=20|issue=2|page=33}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bevan|first1=B.|title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's trial by fire|journal=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|date=2005|volume=24|issue=5|pages=85–86}} 17. ^{{cite news|title=World's 50 most influential Arabs|agency=Middle East 411|issue=47|date=May 2010}} 18. ^1 {{cite web |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/14/188236.html |title=Syria's First Lady Asma al‑Assad Falling from Grace |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=14 January 2012 |access-date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209033645/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/14/188236.html |archive-date=9 February 2012 |dead-url=no}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/25/world/meast/asma-al-assad-profile/index.html |title=Will Asma al-Assad take a stand or stand by her man? |publisher=CNN |date=25 December 2011 |accessdate=14 February 2012}} 20. ^{{cite web |date=20 September 2012 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/09/20/before-assad-unleashed-violence-un-showcased-wife-asma-as-champion-reform/?test=latestnews |title=Before Assad unleashed violence, UN showcased wife Asma as a 'champion' of reform |first=George |last=Russell |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=21 September 2012}} 21. ^{{cite web |date=8 October 2012 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/10/08/un-sponsored-group-in-syria-included-assad-kin-cited-as-corrupt-by-us-documents |title=UN-sponsored group in Syria included Assad kin cited as corrupt by US, documents show |first=George |last=Russell |publisher=Fox News |accessdate=8 October 2012}} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Ramdani|first1=Nabila|title=The Gloss Has Worn Off|agency=New Statesman|date=May 23, 2011}} 23. ^1 {{cite news |title=Syria's First Lady Asma al-Assad breaks her silence |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9065611/Syrias-First-Lady-Asma-al-Assad-breaks-her-silence.html |work=The Telegraph |accessdate=23 August 2012 |date=7 February 2012}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/01/13/peter-goodspeed-the-glamorous-face-of-syrias-dictatorship |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120116081506/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/01/13/peter-goodspeed-the-glamorous-face-of-syrias-dictatorship/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 January 2012 |title=Asma al-Assad, the glamorous face of Syria's dictatorship |work=National Post |date=13 January 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/world-politics/has-syrias-princess-diana-become-its-marie-antoinette/story-fn9hkofv-1226257230037 |title=Has Syria's Princess Diana become its Marie Antoinette? |first=Martin |last=Fletcher |work=The Australian |date=30 January 2012 |subscription=yes}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/first-lady-breaks-silence-to-support-president-assad-20120207-1r59e.html |date=8 February 2012 |work=The Age |title=First lady breaks silence to support President Assad |agency=Agence France-Presse}} 27. ^{{cite web |title=Asma al-Assad and the tricky role of the autocrat's wife |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16930738 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=23 August 2012 |date=8 February 2012}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17483714 |publisher=BBC News |date=23 March 2012 |title=Syria crisis: EU sanctions on Asma al-Assad}} 29. ^{{citation |mode=cs1 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32012D0172 |title=Council Implementing Decision 2012/172/CFSP implementing Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria |work=Official Journal of the European Union |date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://webcitation.org/query?date=2015-11-26&url=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FHTML%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A32012D0172%26from%3DEN |archive-date=26 November 2015 |dead-url=no |publisher=The Council of the European Union |location=Brussels |df=dmy-all }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9149223/Bashar-al-Assads-wife-could-face-two-year-prison-term-for-sanctions-busting-after-shopping-spree.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=David |last=Blair |date=16 March 2012 |title=Bashar al Assad's wife 'could face two-year prison term' for sanctions busting after shopping spree}} 31. ^{{cite web |title=Assad's relatives face asset freeze and travel ban as EU steps up sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/23/assads-eu-sanctions-asma-bashar-syria |work=The Guardian |accessdate=23 March 2012 |date=23 March 2012}} 32. ^{{cite web |title=UN ambassador wives in peace plea to Syria's Asma Assad |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17753841 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=18 April 2012 |date=16 April 2012}} 33. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzUViTShIAo International letter and petition to Asma al-Assad] (Youtube video by Huberta von Voss Wittig and Sheila Lyall Grant, 16 April 2012) 34. ^{{cite web |title=Hunt for Assad is on amid claims of wife Asma's exit to Russia |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/hunt-for-assad-is-on-amid-claims-of-wife-asmas-exit-to-russia-7960154.html |publisher=The Independent (London, UK) |accessdate=26 July 2012 |date=20 July 2012}} 35. ^{{cite web |title=Free Syrian Army move HQ from Turkey to Syria |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120922-syria-turkey-aleppo-anti-assad-rebels-fsa-command-centre-moved-into-liberated-areas |publisher=France 24 |accessdate=8 October 2012 |date=23 September 2012}} 36. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9936294/Syria-Asma-al-Assad-makes-rare-public-appearance.html/ Syria: Asma al-Assad makes rare public appearance] 37. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/18/world/asma-syria-appearance/ |title=Surrounded by children, Syria’s First Lady makes rare appearance |first=Ashley |last=Fantz |date=18 March 2013 |publisher=CNN}} 38. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10381218/Asma-al-Assad-denies-leaving-Syria.html |title=Asma al-Assad denies leaving Syria |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=30 November 2013}} 39. ^{{cite news|title=Assad's wife turns to Instagram to boost image|agency=Radio Free Europe|date=September 2013}} 40. ^{{cite magazine |first=Joan Juliet |last=Buck |title=Asma al-Assad: A Rose in the Desert |date=25 February 2011 |magazine=Vogue |url=https://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204927/https://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/asma-al-assad-a-rose-in-the-desert |archivedate=25 February 2011}} 41. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/02/vogue-defends-profile-of-syrian-first-lady/71764/ |title=Vogue Defends Profile of Syrian First Lady |work=The Atlantic |first=John |last=Cook |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=16 August 2012}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://gawker.com/5800551/vogue-disappears-adoring-profile-of-syrian-butchers-wife |title=Memory Hole: Vogue Disappears Adoring Profile of Syrian Butcher's Wife |work=Gawker |first=John |last=Cook |date=20 May 2011 |accessdate=18 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012004323/http://gawker.com/5800551/vogue-disappears-adoring-profile-of-syrian-butchers-wife |archivedate=12 October 2012 |df=dmy }} 43. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9325230/Syria-Vogue-Anna-Wintour-disowns-Asma-al-Assad.html |title=Syria: Vogue's Anna Wintour disowns Asma al-Assad |work=The Telegraph |first=Nick |last=Allen |date=11 June 2012 |accessdate=13 June 2012}} 44. ^{{cite news |title=Syria's Assads Turned to West For Glossy P.R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/syrian-conflict-cracks-carefully-polished-image-of-assad.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |accessdate=14 September 2012 |date=10 June 2012}} 45. ^{{cite news |title=Syria's Fake First Family |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730110710/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-with-syria-s-first-lady.html |archive-date=30 July 2012 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/joan-juliet-buck-my-vogue-interview-syrias-first-lady-65615 |work=The Daily Beast |access-date=26 November 2015 |date=30 July 2012 |dead-url=yes}} 46. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=Comparative Strategy |date=2006 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=353–445 |issn=0149-5933 |url=http://herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf#page=2 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |doi=10.1080/01495930601105412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126160614/http://herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf#page=2 |dead-url=no}} 47. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/16/syria-middle-east-bashar-assad |title=No longer the pariah President |publisher=TheGuardian.com |date=16 November 2008}} 48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/08/08/world/middleeast/08reuters-mideast-crisis-syria-asma.html |title=Syrian First Lady Asma Al-Assad Treated for Breast Cancer: State Media |publisher=The New York Times |date=8 August 2018}} External links{{Commons category|Asma al-Assad}}
14 : 1975 births|Living people|People from Acton, London|Alumni of King's College London|Assad family|Bashar al-Assad|English people of Syrian descent|Deutsche Bank people|First Ladies of Syria|JPMorgan Chase employees|People educated at Queen's College, London|People of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian Muslims|Sunni Muslims |
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