“Bloody Sunday (1887)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Gladstone's espousal of the cause of Irish home rule had split the Liberal Party and made it easy for the Conservatives to gain a majority in the House of Commons. The period from 1885 to 1906 was one of Tory dominance, with short intermissions. Coercion Acts were the answer of British governments perturbed by rural unrest in Ireland, and they involved various degrees of suspension of civil rights. Although one purpose of the 13 November demonstration was to protest about the handling of the Irish situation by the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury, it had a much wider context.

The Long Depression, starting in 1873 and lasting almost to the end of the century, created difficult social conditions in Britain—similar to the economic problems that drove rural agitation in Ireland. Falling food prices created rural unemployment, which resulted in both emigration and internal migration. Workers moved to the towns and cities in thousands, eroding employment, wages and working conditions. By November 1887, unemployed workers' demonstrations from the East End of London had been building up for more than two years. There had already been clashes with the police and with the members of upper class clubs. Trafalgar Square was seen symbolically as the point at which the working-class East End met the upper-class West End of London, a focus of class struggle and an obvious flashpoint.

This attracted the attention of the small but growing socialist movement – the Marxists of both the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and Socialist League, and the reformist socialists of the Fabian Society. Police and government attempts to suppress or divert the demonstrations also brought in the radical wing of the Liberal Party and free speech activists from the National Secular Society.

The working class in British cities contained many people of Irish birth or origin. London, like industrial areas of northern England and western Scotland, had a large Irish working class, concentrated in the East End, where it rubbed shoulders with a diverse population, including increasing numbers of Jews from Eastern Europe.^[2]

Demonstration of 13 November

Some 30,000 persons, "mostly respectable spectators",^[1] encircled Trafalgar Square as at least 10,000 protesters marched in from several different directions, led by (among others) Elizabeth Reynolds, John Burns, William Morris, Annie Besant and Robert Cunninghame-Graham, who were primarily leaders of the Social Democratic Federation. Also marching were the Fabian playwright George Bernard Shaw and Charlotte Wilson.

Two thousand police and 400 troops were deployed to halt the demonstration.^[4] Burns and Cunninghame-Graham were arrested and imprisoned for six weeks. Annie Besant, who was a Marxist, Fabian and secularist, spoke at the rally and offered herself for arrest, but the police declined to do so. Of the 400 arrested, 50 were detained in custody.

At some point James Compton Merryweather, head of the firm Merryweather & Sons, and a Conservative supporter, offered to use a 400-gallons-per-minute steam fire engine as a water cannon of the day to clear the rioters from Trafalgar Square. However the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Sir Charles Warren, declined.^[5]

In the fighting, many rioters were injured by police truncheons and under the hooves of police horses. There were both infantry and cavalry present. Although the infantry were marched into position with bayonets fixed, they were not ordered to open fire and the cavalry were not ordered to draw their swords. An Australian newspaper, of conservative political orientation, reported that the wounds received by the mob were less severe than those of the constables.^[1] Reports from those who were present say otherwise.

Aftermath

The following Sunday, 20 November, saw another demonstration and more casualties. According to a report in the partisan Socialist Review, among them was a young clerk named Alfred Linnell,^[6] who was run down by a police horse, dying in hospital a fortnight later from complications of a shattered thigh.^[7]

The funeral of Linnell on 18 December provided another focus for the unemployed and Irish movements. William Morris, leader of the Socialist League, gave the main speech and "advocated a holy war to prevent London from being turned into a huge prison".^[8] A smaller but similar event marked the burial of another of those killed, W. B. Curner, which took place in January. The release of those imprisoned was celebrated on 20 February 1888, with a large public meeting. Henry Hyndman, leader of the SDF, violently denounced the Liberal Party and the Radical MPs who were present.

References

1. ^¹² {{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sydney Morning Herald, 15 November 1887, at Trove
2. ^The detailed Charles Booth study of London's population in this period is available online at the London School of Economics
3. ^http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/pmg/criml.php{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
4. ^"History of the Metropolitan Police, at met.police.uk
5. ^Inquirer and Commercial News, Perth, 28 Feb 1896, p.9, (quoting an unknown London paper), via Trove, National Library of Australia.
6. ^London, 13 November 1887, Issue 224, Socialist Review, November 1998
7. ^Killed by the Police South Australian Register (citing the somewhat partisan Pall Mall Gazette) , 13 January 1888, at Trove
8. ^Burial of a Rioter Kerang Times and Swan Hill Gazette, 23 December 1887, at Trove

Background

Demonstration of 13 November

Aftermath

References

Bibliography