| 词条 | Blue-spotted salamander |
| 释义 |
| name = Blue-spotted salamander | image = blue-spotted-salamander-top-view.jpeg | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Ambystoma | species = laterale | authority = Hallowell, 1856 }} The blue-spotted salamander (Ambystoma laterale) is a mole salamander native to the Great Lakes states and northeastern United States, and parts of Ontario[2] and Quebec[3] in Canada. Their range is known to extend to James Bay to the north, and southeastern Manitoba to the west. DescriptionThese salamanders are between 8 and 14 cm in length, of which the tail comprises 40%. Their skin is bluish-black, with characteristic blue and white flecks on its back, and bluish-white spots on the sides of its body and tail. They have an elongated body, though they are not nearly as slender as the Jefferson salamander. The vent is typically black, which contrasts with the paler belly. Larvae which have transformed may have yellow splotches; these turn blue once the individual becomes terrestrial. Occasionally, a melanistic individual may be found in the wild. They have long toes: four on the front feet, and five on the hind feet. Typically, specimens will have 12–14 costal grooves. Males tend to be smaller than females, though they have longer, flattened tails. HabitatBlue-spotted salamanders are primarily found in moist, deciduous hardwood forests and swampy woodlands, though they can be found in coniferous forests and fields too. They prefer vernal pools that retain water into mid-summer, to ensure access to a suitable breeding habitat. Underbrush, leaf litter, rocks and logs are commonly used for shelter. Studies are beginning to show that habitat selection may also be affected by factors such as light pollution and chemical hues.[4][5] ReproductionEggs are laid in small agglomerations attached to twigs, rocks or plants at the edge of a woodland pond or ditch. Clutches average a dozen eggs, and females may lay up to 500 eggs yearly. Males and females first mate when two years old. Breeding occurs in early spring near vernal pools. Eggs take about one month to hatch. At hatching, larvae have a well-developed mouth and eyes. Front limbs form at two weeks, and hind limbs form at three weeks. It will fully transform to its terrestrial state by late summer. Blue-spotted salamanders are known to be associated with unisexual (all-female) populations of ancient origin.[6] The unisexual females often look like blue-spotted salamanders but have hybrid genomes[7] and require sperm from a co-occurring, related species to fertilize their eggs and initiate development. Usually the eggs[7] then discard the sperm genome and develop asexually (i.e., gynogenesis, with premeiotic doubling); however, they may incorporate the genome from the sperm into the resulting offspring.[7] Sperm incorporation commonly[7] takes the form of genome addition (resulting in ploidy elevation in the offspring), or genome replacement, wherein one of the maternal genomes is discarded. This unique mode of reproduction has been termed kleptogenesis by Bogart and his colleagues.[8] Relationship with Tremblay's salamanderFemale tremblay's salamander (Ambystoma tremblayi) breed with male blue-spotted salamanders from March to April. Eggs are laid singly or in small masses of 6-10 eggs on debris at pond bottom. The males' chromosome contribution only stimulates the egg's development; its genetic material is ignored. References1. ^{{IUCN2014.3|assessor=Hammerson, G.|year= 2004|id= 59060|title= Ambystoma laterale|downloaded=2015-01-16}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=MacCulloch, R.D.|title=The ROM Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Ontario|date=2002|publisher=ROM/McClelland & Stewart|pages=168}} 3. ^{{cite journal|author=MacCulloch, R.D.|author2=J.R. Bider|last-author-amp=yes|title=New records of amphibians and garter snakes in the James Bay area of Quebec|journal=Canadian Field-Naturalist|date=1975|volume=89|pages=80–82}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Feuka |first1=Abigail |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Kristine |last3=Hunter |first3=Malcom |last4=Calhoun |first4=Aram |title=Effects of Light Pollution on Habitat Selection in Post-metamorphic Wood Frogs (Rana Sylvaticus) and Unisexual Blue-Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma Laterale x Jeffersonianum) |journal=Herpetological Conservation and Biology |date=August 31, 2017 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=470–476}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Belasen |first1=Anat |last2=Burkett |first2=Erin |last3=Injaian |first3=Allison |last4=Li |first4=Kevin |last5=Allen |first5=David |last6=Perfecto |first6=Ivette |title=Effect of Sub-Canopy on Habitat Selection in the Bue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale-jeffersonianum unisexual complex) |journal=Copeia |date=2013 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=254–261}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-238|title=Time and time again: Unisexual salamanders (genus Ambystoma) are the oldest unisexual vertebrates|year=2010|last1=Bi|first1=Ke|last2=Bogart|first2=James P|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|pages=238|pmid=20682056|pmc=3020632}} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-158|title=The prevalence of genome replacement in unisexual salamanders of the genus Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) revealed by nuclear gene genealogy|year=2008|last1=Bi|first1=Ke|last2=Bogart|first2=James P|last3=Fu|first3=Jinzhong|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=8|pages=158|pmid=18498635|pmc=2413238}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|doi=10.1139/g06-152|title=Unisexual salamanders (genus Ambystoma) present a new reproductive mode for eukaryotes|year=2007|last1=Bonen|first1=L.|last2=Bogart|first2=James P.|last3=Bi|first3=Ke|last4=Fu|first4=Jinzong|last5=Noble|first5=Daniel W.A.|last6=Niedzwiecki|first6=John|journal=Genome|volume=50|issue=2|pages=119–36|pmid=17546077}}
External links
8 : Mole salamanders|Amphibians of Canada|Amphibians of the United States|Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)|Fauna of the Eastern United States|Fauna of the Northeastern United States|Extant Pleistocene first appearances|Amphibians described in 1856 |
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