| 词条 | 2004 Spanish general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = 2004 Spanish general election | country = Spain | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = 2000 Spanish general election | previous_year = 2000 | next_election = 2008 Spanish general election | next_year = 2008 | outgoing_members = | elected_members = | seats_for_election = All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 259) seats in the Senate 176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election | registered = 34,571,831 {{small|1.8%}} | turnout = 26,155,436 (75.7%) 7.0 pp | election_date = 14 March 2004 | image1 = | leader1 = José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero | party1 = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party | leader_since1 = 22 July 2000 | leaders_seat1 = Madrid | last_election1 = 125 seats, 34.2% | seats1 = 164 | seat_change1 = 39 | popular_vote1 = 11,026,163 | percentage1 = 42.6% | swing1 = 8.4 pp | image2 = | leader2 = Mariano Rajoy | party2 = People's Party (Spain) | leader_since2 = 2 September 2003 | leaders_seat2 = Madrid | last_election2 = 183 seats, 44.5% | seats2 = 148 | seat_change2 = 35 | popular_vote2 = 9,763,144 | percentage2 = 37.7% | swing2 = 6.8 pp | image3 = | leader3 = Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida | leaders_seat3 = Barcelona | leader_since3 = 24 January 2004 | party3 = Convergence and Union | last_election3 = 15 seats, 4.2% | seats3 = 10 | seat_change3 = 5 | popular_vote3 = 835,471 | percentage3 = 3.2% | swing3 = 1.0 pp | image4 = | leader4 = Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira | party4 = Republican Left of Catalonia | leader_since4 = 31 January 2004 | leaders_seat4 = Barcelona | last_election4 = 1 seat, 0.8% | seats4 = 8 | seat_change4 = 7 | popular_vote4 = 652,196 | percentage4 = 2.5% | swing4 = 1.7 pp | image5 = | leader5 = Josu Erkoreka | party5 = Basque Nationalist Party | leader_since5 = 2004 | leaders_seat5 = Biscay | last_election5 = 7 seats, 1.5% | seats5 = 7 | seat_change5 = 0 | popular_vote5 = 420,980 | percentage5 = 1.6% | swing5 = 0.1 pp | image6 = | leader6 = Gaspar Llamazares | party6 = United Left (Spain) | leader_since6 = 29 October 2000 | leaders_seat6 = Madrid | last_election6 = 9 seats, 5.9%{{efn|Aggregated data for IU and IC–V in the 2000 election.}} | seats6 = 5 | seat_change6 = 4 | popular_vote6 = 1,284,081 | percentage6 = 5.0% | swing6 = 0.9 pp | map_image = SpainProvinceMapCongress2004.png | map_size = 435px | map_caption = Constituency results map for the Congress of Deputies | title = Prime Minister | before_election = José María Aznar | before_party = People's Party (Spain) | after_election = José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero | after_party = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party }} The 2004 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 14 March 2004, to elect the 8th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 259 seats in the Senate. The electoral outcome was heavily influenced by the aftermath of the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, as a result of which all parties suspended their electoral campaigns.[1] For two days following the attacks, the People's Party (PP) government kept blaming the terrorist organization ETA for the bombings, even in spite of mounting evidence suggesting the involvement of Islamist groups. The government was accused of misinformation, as an Islamist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in the Iraq War, which had been highly unpopular among the public.[2][3] The election result was described by some media as an "unprecedented electoral upset". The perceived abuse of the PP's absolute majority throughout the legislature, with a focus on Spain's involvement in Iraq, was said to have helped fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with the government's mismanagement on the bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen.[4][5] At 11 million votes and 42.6%, the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) increased by 3.1 million its 2000 result, securing 164 seats—a net gain of 39. In contrast, the PP, which opinion polls earlier in the year had predicted would secure a diminished but still commanding victory, lost 35 seats and 7 percentage points, resulting in the worst defeat for a sitting government in Spain up to that point since 1982. The 75.7% turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy, with no future general election having exceeded such a figure. The number of votes cast, at 26.1 million votes, remains the highest figure in gross terms for any Spanish general election to date.[6][7] The day after the election, Zapatero announced his will to form a minority PSOE government, supported by other parties in a confidence and supply basis. Two minor left-wing parties, Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and United Left (IU), immediately announced their intention to support Zapatero's government. On 16 April 2004, Zapatero was elected as new Prime Minister by an outright majority of the new Congress, with 183 out of 350 members voting for him, being sworn in the next day.[8] OverviewElectoral systemThe Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a Prime Minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[9][10] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.{{sfn|Carreras|Tafunell|Soler|Fontana|1989|pp=1077}} For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.[11] Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[9][12][13][14] For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[9][12][13][14] The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.[12][14] Election dateThe term of each House of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election Decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the Prime Minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The Decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette, with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 12 March 2000, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 12 March 2004. The election Decree was required to be published no later than 17 February 2004, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 11 April 2004.[12][14] The Prime Minister had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both Houses were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a Prime Minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[9][13] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two Houses take place simultaneously. Status at dissolutionThe Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 20 January 2004, after the publication of the dissolution Decree in the Official State Gazette.[15] The tables below show the status of the different parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[16][17]
Parties and alliancesBelow is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:
The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) agreed to continue with the Catalan Agreement of Progress alliance for the Senate with the inclusion of United and Alternative Left (EUiA).[28] In the Balearic Islands, PSM–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN), United Left of the Balearic Islands (EUIB), The Greens of the Balearic Islands (EVIB) and ERC formed the Progressives for the Balearic Islands alliance.[29] Campaign periodParty slogans
Opinion polls{{Main|Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election}}{{Opinion polling for the 2004 Spanish general election (Graphical summary)}}ResultsCongress of Deputies{{For|results by autonomous community/constituency|Results breakdown of the 2004 Spanish general election (Congress)}}
|title=Popular vote |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|42.59}}{{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|37.71}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|4.96}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|3.23}}{{bar percent|ERC|{{Republican Left of Catalonia/meta/color}}|2.52}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|1.63}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|0.91}}{{bar percent|BNG|{{Galician Nationalist Bloc/meta/color}}|0.81}}{{bar percent|CHA|{{Chunta Aragonesista/meta/color}}|0.36}}{{bar percent|EA|{{Eusko Alkartasuna/meta/color}}|0.31}}{{bar percent|NaBai|{{Nafarroa Bai/meta/color}}|0.24}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|3.17}}{{bar percent|Blank ballots|#DDDDDD|1.58}} }}{{bar box |title=Seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|46.86}}{{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|42.29}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|2.86}}{{bar percent|ERC|{{Republican Left of Catalonia/meta/color}}|2.29}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|2.00}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|1.43}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|0.89}}{{bar percent|BNG|{{Galician Nationalist Bloc/meta/color}}|0.57}}{{bar percent|CHA|{{Chunta Aragonesista/meta/color}}|0.29}}{{bar percent|EA|{{Eusko Alkartasuna/meta/color}}|0.29}}{{bar percent|NaBai|{{Nafarroa Bai/meta/color}}|0.29}} }} Senate
|title=Seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{bar percent|PP|{{People's Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|48.65}}{{bar percent|PSOE|{{Spanish Socialist Workers' Party/meta/color}}|37.07}}{{bar percent|PSC–ERC–ICV|{{Catalan Agreement of Progress/meta/color}}|6.18}}{{bar percent|EAJ/PNV|{{Basque Nationalist Party/meta/color}}|2.70}}{{bar percent|CiU|{{Convergence and Union/meta/color}}|2.32}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Canarian Coalition/meta/color}}|1.54}}{{bar percent|IU|{{United Left (Spain)/meta/color}}|0.77}}{{bar percent|BNG|{{Galician Nationalist Bloc/meta/color}}|0.39}}{{bar percent|PAR|{{Aragonese Party/meta/color}}|0.39}} }} Aftermath{{See|First Zapatero Government}}
Notes{{notelist}}Bibliography
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|website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=15 March 2019}} 18. ^{{cite news |date=2 September 2003 |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2003/09/02/actualidad/1062490617_850215.html |title=Rajoy asume el legado de Aznar tras ser ratificado como candidato del PP a La Moncloa |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 19. ^{{cite news |date=29 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/29/cvalenciana/1075407489_850215.html |title=UV renuncia a sus siglas y Chiquillo irá en la lista del PP al Senado |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 20. ^{{cite news |date=28 October 2002 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/10/28/espana/1035759601_850215.html |title=Zapatero: "Quitaré el poder a los poderosos y haré un país para todos" |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 21. ^{{cite news |date=11 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/11/espana/1073775613_850215.html |title=Los Verdes concurrirán con el PSOE a las elecciones generales |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 22. ^{{cite news |date=30 November 2001 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2001/11/30/catalunya/1007086039_850215.html |title=Duran se afianza como cabeza de lista de CiU en las generales de 2004 |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 23. ^{{cite news |date=22 December 2003 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2003/12/22/espana/1072047607_850215.html |title=IU cierra su etapa de división y reelige a Llamazares con el 76,5% de los votos |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 24. ^{{cite news |date=15 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/15/paisvasco/1074199205_850215.html |title=Aralar ve difícil coligarse con EA para las elecciones |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 25. ^{{cite news |date=25 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/25/paisvasco/1075063200_850215.html |title=Los partidos nacionalistas irán por separado a las elecciones generales |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 26. ^{{cite news |date=24 December 2003 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2003/12/24/espana/1072220411_850215.html |title=PNV, EA y Aralar irán juntos a las elecciones generales en Navarra |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 27. ^{{cite news |date=25 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/25/paisvasco/1075063207_850215.html |title=En Navarra sí, en Euskadi no |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 28. ^{{cite news |date=23 January 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2004/01/23/catalunya/1074823649_850215.html |title=Obstáculos en la Entesa |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=27 January 2019}} 29. ^{{cite news |date=24 December 2003 |title=El PSM propone a Nanda Ramon para encabezar la lista al Congreso |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/noticias/local/2003/12/24/687499/el-psm-propone-a-nanda-ramon-para-encabezar-la-lista-al-congreso.html |language=Spanish |work=Última Hora |access-date=27 January 2019}} 30. ^{{cite news |date=26 February 2004 |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/02/26/enespecial/1077797657.html |title=El PP mantiene el lema 'Juntos vamos a más' pese a coincidir con el eslogan de una caja andaluza |language=Spanish |work=El Mundo |access-date=24 January 2019}} 31. ^{{cite news |date=12 February 2004 |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2004/02/12/actualidad/1076577423_850215.html |title=El PSOE presenta su campaña para el 14-M bajo el lema 'Merecemos una España mejor' |language=Spanish |work=El País |access-date=24 January 2019}} 32. ^{{cite news |date=26 February 2004 |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/ciu-incorpora-leslogan-prou-de-fer-mal-a-catalunya-com-a-resposta-a-lafer-carod/noticia/59336/ |title=CiU incorporà l'eslògan "Prou de fer mal a Catalunya" com a resposta a 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November 2011 |url=http://www.zabaltzen.net/2011/11/orain-da-geroa/ |title=Orain da GEROA |language=Spanish |website=zabaltzen.net |publisher=Zabaltzen |access-date=25 January 2019}} 41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html?vuelta=1&codTipoEleccion=2&codPeriodo=200403&codEstado=99&codComunidad=0&codProvincia=0&codMunicipio=0&codDistrito=0&codSeccion=0&codMesa=0 |title=Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2004. National totals |language=Spanish |website=infoelectoral.mir.es |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |accessdate=24 September 2017}} 42. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e2004.html |title=General election 14 March 2004 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}} 43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html?vuelta=1&codTipoEleccion=3&codPeriodo=200403&codEstado=99&codComunidad=0&codProvincia=0&codMunicipio=0&codDistrito=0&codSeccion=0&codMesa=0 |title=Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. March 2004. National totals |language=Spanish |website=infoelectoral.mir.es |publisher=Ministry of the Interior |accessdate=24 September 2017}} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e2004comp.html#s |title=Senate Election 2004 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}} 45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/congresovota.html |title=Congress of Deputies: Most important votes |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=28 September 2017}} 4 : 2004 elections in Spain|2004 in Spain|General elections in Spain|March 2004 events in Europe |
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