“2005 Atlantic hurricane season”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, shattering numerous records. The impact of the season was widespread and catastrophic. Its storms caused an estimated total of 3,960 deaths and approximately $180.7 billion in damage, making it the second costliest season on record, surpassed only by the 2017 season.

Of the storms that made landfall, five of the season's seven major hurricanes—Dennis, Emily, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma—were responsible for the majority of the destruction. Stan was the most destructive storm that was not a major hurricane. The Mexican states of Quintana Roo and Yucatán and the U.S. states of Florida and Louisiana were each struck twice by major hurricanes; Cuba, the Bahamas, Haiti, Mississippi, Texas, Alabama, and Tamaulipas were each struck once and brushed by at least one more.

The most devastating effects of the season were felt on the United States' Gulf Coast, where a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused severe flooding that destroyed most structures on the Mississippi coastline; subsequent levee failures in New Orleans, Louisiana caused by the storm crippled the city. Furthermore, Hurricane Stan combined with an extratropical system to cause deadly mudslides across Central America, with Guatemala being hardest-hit.

The 2005 season was the first to observe more tropical storms and cyclones in the Atlantic than in the West Pacific; on average, the latter experiences 26 tropical storms per year while the Atlantic only averages 12. This event was repeated in the 2010 season; however, the 2010 typhoon season broke the record for the fewest storms observed in a single year, while the 2005 typhoon season featured near-average activity.

The season officially began on June 1, 2005, and lasted until November 30, although it effectively persisted into January 2006 due to continued storm activity. A record twenty-eight tropical and subtropical storms formed, of which a record fifteen became hurricanes. Of these, a record-tying seven strengthened into major hurricanes, a record-tying five became Category 4 hurricanes and a record four reached Category 5 strength, the highest categorization for hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Among these Category 5 storms were hurricanes Katrina and Wilma, respectively the second costliest and the most intense (by lowest barometric pressure) Atlantic hurricanes on record. The 2005 season was also notable because the annual pre-designated list of storm names was used up and six Greek letter names had to be used.

Seasonal forecasts

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane expert William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU), and separately by forecasters with the U.S. Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Prior to and during the 2005 season, Gray issued four forecasts, each time increasing the predicted level of activity. The NOAA issued two forecasts, one shortly before the season and one two months into the season, drastically increasing the predicted level of activity in the second release. Nonetheless, all forecasts fell far short of the actual activity of the season.

Preseason forecasts

On December 3, 2004, Gray's team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2005 season, predicting a slightly above-average season. Additionally, the team predicted a greatly increased chance of a major hurricane striking the East Coast of the United States and the Florida peninsula. Though the forecast predicted above-average activity, the level predicted was significantly less than the 2004 season.^[1] On April 1, 2005, after confirming that El Niño conditions would not develop, Gray and his team revised the December forecast upward, expecting thirteen tropical storms instead of eleven and seven hurricanes instead of six. In addition, the chance of a storm impacting the United States was raised slightly.^[3]

On May 16, 2005, 16 days before the season began, NOAA issued its outlook for the 2005 season, forecasting a 70% chance of above-normal activity. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) value for the season was predicted to be 120–190% of the median ACE of 87.5 × 10⁴ kt².^[4] Shortly thereafter, on May 31, the day before the season officially began, Gray's team revised its April forecast upwards to 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes.^[5]

Midseason outlook

On August 2, after an extraordinarily active early season, the NOAA released an updated outlook on the remainder of the season, significantly raising the expected level of activity to numbers about double those of a normal season. The ACE value was now forecast to be 180 to 270% of the median. The NOAA also noted a higher than normal confidence in the forecast of above-normal activity.^[6] On August 5, 2005, Gray and his associates followed suit and issued their updated forecast; it was consistent with NOAA's update.^[7] Although neither the NOAA nor Gray had ever forecast such high levels of activity, even the midseason outlooks fell far short of the actual level of activity. The actual ACE would prove to be 248 × 10⁴ kt²^[8] — 277% of the median.

Systems

June and July

On June 8, nearly two months earlier than when the 2004 season started, Tropical Storm Arlene formed in the western Caribbean, crossing Cuba before making landfall on the Florida Panhandle on June 11. Arlene caused only moderate damage, although one swimmer was caught in a riptide and drowned in Miami Beach, Florida.^[9]^[10]

On July 5, Hurricane Dennis formed in the eastern Caribbean; it crossed Grenada before intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane, the strongest ever recorded in July with a pressure of 930 mbar (hPa). Dennis struck Cuba at full force, then made a final landfall on the Florida Panhandle. The hurricane killed 89 people (mostly in Haiti) and caused $3.98 billion (2005 USD) in damage in Cuba and the United States.^[14]^[15]

Soon thereafter, Hurricane Emily formed in the Atlantic on July 11. It entered the Caribbean Sea and quickly intensified to a Category 4 storm, breaking Dennis's record for July intensity when its pressure reached 929 mbar (hPa). Emily then briefly reached Category 5 intensity—the earliest such storm ever recorded in the Atlantic. Emily crossed the Yucatán Peninsula at Category 4 strength before hitting Tamaulipas at Category 3 strength. Emily killed at least 14 people over the course of its path. An estimated $400 million (2005 USD; ${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|400000000|2005}}}} {{#time:Y}} USD) in damage was reported.^[16]

August

Like July, August also got off to a fast start: Tropical Storm Harvey formed southwest of Bermuda on August 3. Harvey dropped some rain on Bermuda as it moved to the northeast; it became extratropical on August 8 in the open Atlantic Ocean.^[19]

The tropical depression that would become Hurricane Irene formed west of the Cape Verde Islands on August 4. The system moved west and north and did not reach hurricane strength until August 14, at which point it became the second Cape Verde-type hurricane of the season. Irene turned northeast and briefly reached Category 2 status before weakening and becoming extratropical on August 18. It never posed a threat to land.^[20]

On August 24, a vigorous tropical wave developed off the coast of Africa which eventually spawned an area of low pressure. The low gradually became better organized and was designated Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 28, about midway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa. However, northerly wind shear prevented the depression from strengthening and it degenerated into a broad low-pressure area the next day. After traveling rapidly towards the north the low regenerated into a tropical depression and shortly after was declared Tropical Storm Lee on August 31. Lee was only briefly a tropical storm before it weakened back to a tropical depression. The depression degenerated into a broad low-pressure area again before being absorbed by a cold front on September 4.^[26]

September

October

An initially unnoticed Unnamed Subtropical Storm was discovered by the NHC during the postseason analysis. This short-lived subtropical storm formed on October 4 south of the Azores and was absorbed by an extratropical low the next day, after passing over those islands.^[35]

Hurricane Beta formed in the southern Caribbean on October 26 and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane before making landfall in the Colombian islands of San Andrés & Providencia and in Nicaragua on October 30.^[42] As of 2012, Hurricane Beta was responsible for nine fatalities and more than $15.5 million in damage across four countries.

November, December, and January 2006

Tropical activity declined very slowly as the season wound down. Tropical Storm Gamma initially formed on November 15 in the central Caribbean, and degenerated into a tropical wave before reforming. Although the storm dissipated on November 20 after having made landfall in northern Honduras, rainfall from Gamma caused 41 deaths in Honduras and Belize.^[43]

Deaths and damage

The storms of the season were extraordinarily damaging and were responsible for significant loss of life. Total damage is estimated to be about $180.7 billion (2005 US$), and an estimated 2,067 people were confirmed dead. However, due to uncertainties in the death toll caused by Stan, the death toll from the season could be as high as 4,000 people.^[48]

The hardest-hit area was the United States Gulf Coast from eastern Texas to the Florida Panhandle. First to strike the area was Hurricane Dennis, which caused $2.23 billion in damage along the Florida Panhandle.^[14] Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage to the Gulf Coast, devastating a long stretch of coast along Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama with a 30-foot (9 m) storm surge. Wind damage was reported well inland, slowing down recovery efforts. Storm surge also breached levees in the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, flooding about 80% of the city. Total damage has been estimated at $125 billion, and at least 1,836 people were killed by the storm; Katrina is the second costliest hurricane in U.S. history, surpassing 1992's Hurricane Andrew, and the deadliest hurricane in the U.S. since 1928.^[24]^[47]^[48] Hurricane Rita struck near the same area, re-flooded New Orleans (though to a far less degree than Katrina), and caused extensive damage along the coastlines of Louisiana and Texas; total damage is estimated at about $18.5 billion.^[49] Tropical Storm Arlene and Hurricane Cindy also struck the Gulf Coast but caused much lighter damage.^[9]^[12]

The Mexican state of Quintana Roo was also heavily hit, suffering billions of dollars in damage when Hurricanes Emily and Wilma both made landfall between Cozumel and Cancún. Wilma was particularly devastating, lashing the area with major hurricane-force winds for over a full day, and was possibly the most damaging hurricane in Mexican history.^[40]

Wilma caused widespread heavy damage in south Florida, causing $19 billion in damage total in the United States.^[50] Hurricanes Katrina and Rita had struck the same area earlier, causing lesser (but still significant) damage, and Tropical Storm Arlene killed one person caught in a rip current.^[9] Hurricane Dennis also brushed the area on its track northward.^[14]

In October the remnants of Tropical Storm Tammy and Subtropical Depression Twenty-two met over the Northeastern United States, causing intense flooding.^[38]

Southeastern North Carolina suffered some damage from the slow-moving Hurricane Ophelia; damage from that storm were originally estimated at $1.6 billion, but finalized at only $70 million. The remainder of the Atlantic coast escaped the major storms, although some regions were affected by the remnants of several storms (including Katrina, Ophelia, Tammy, Subtropical Depression Twenty-two, and Wilma).^[29]

Northeastern Mexico, including Veracruz and Tamaulipas, was struck repeatedly. Hurricane Emily struck Tamaulipas directly, causing severe damage. Tropical Storms Bret, Gert, and Jose also made landfall in the area but caused minimal damage, although they did cause 12 deaths.^[22]

Southern Mexico, along with portions of Central America, suffered heavy flooding and mudslides from Hurricane Stan and nearby nontropical rains. Over 1,600 people were confirmed dead in total, with some towns completely wiped out, though most of these deaths were not directly related to the hurricane. Central America also suffered flooding from Tropical Storm Gamma and Hurricane Wilma, and Nicaragua was struck directly by Hurricane Beta. Gamma caused $13–18 million (2005 USD) in damage to crops; no damage figures are available for any of the other storms.^[48]

The island of Hispaniola escaped the worst storms; however, at least 89 people were killed in Haiti from the effects of Hurricanes Dennis and Wilma and Tropical Storm Alpha. The Leeward Islands were generally spared all the storms,^[48] although Dennis and Emily caused significant damage in the Windward Islands.^[48]

Unusual impacts were felt in Europe and nearby islands from four storms. Hurricane Maria intensified and affected northern Europe as a vicious extratropical storm, while Hurricane Vince maintained tropical characteristics onto the Iberian Peninsula as a weak tropical depression. Tropical Storm Delta struck the Canary Islands just after becoming extratropical, causing extensive damage before reaching Morocco as a weak extratropical system. In addition, the Azores were affected by the unnamed subtropical storm at its peak strength. Eight people were killed by those storms, and significant damage was reported as a result of Maria and Delta, although no figures are available.^[51]

Economic impact

The damage had far-reaching economic consequences due to vulnerability of both oil extracting and refining capacity in the Gulf of Mexico, storms led to speculative spikes in the price of crude oil whereas, the damage to refinery capacity in the United States caused gasoline to soar to record prices (even adjusted for inflation). Governments in Europe and the United States tapped strategic reserves of gasoline and petroleum, and shortages were reported in the days after Katrina in areas heavily dependent on the Gulf of Mexico for refined gasoline. Even weeks after the storm, prices remained elevated as the shortage in production remained over {{convert|1|Moilbbl|m3}} per day.^[24]

Agriculture in multiple countries was hard hit by extremely heavy rains from severe storms during the season. Early in the season, Hurricane Dennis caused significant damage to various citrus and vegetable crops in Cuba, though the damage was not crippling.^[14] In Central America, Hurricane Stan and associated nontropical storms dropped upwards of 20 inches (500 mm) of rain, causing, in addition to severe flash floods and mud slides, heavy damage to crops, especially to the banana and coffee crops, which were nearly ready to be harvested. This caused significant economic disruption in Guatemala and surrounding nations, as the rural economies are highly dependent on the coffee and banana crops.^[34] When Hurricane Beta struck Nicaragua later in the season, it also caused heavy damage to the banana crop, but the harvests had already ended, mitigating economic disruption.^[42]

Katrina also had significant political consequences, as President George W. Bush, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco, and New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin all came under heavy criticism for what were considered sluggish or inappropriate responses to Hurricane Katrina. On December 14, 2005, congressional hearings began to investigate whether these claims had any merit. In addition, Michael Brown, head of the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), was forced to resign from his post after the organization came under fire for what was perceived as an insufficient response to Katrina.^[52]

Forecasting uncertainty

A number of storms that formed in 2005 exhibited unusual behavior and challenged forecasters' ability to make correct predictions. Hurricane Vince formed farther northeast in the Atlantic than any other tropical cyclone on record at the time—only 2009's Grace has formed farther north—and then unexpectedly reached hurricane strength over waters considered too cold to support a hurricane.^[39] Hurricane Wilma became the fastest-intensifying hurricane on record, and later strengthened unexpectedly in the face of strong wind shear.^[53] Tropical Storm Delta, Hurricane Epsilon and Tropical Storm Zeta all formed over the cold waters of the late-season eastern Atlantic, much like Hurricane Vince (though at lower latitudes). All three persisted in the face of heavy wind shear, and Epsilon managed to reach hurricane strength over waters well below the temperatures previously thought necessary for hurricane formation. Epsilon became the longest-lasting December hurricane^[45] while Zeta became the longest-lasting storm in January.^[46]

Records and notable events

The 2005 season broke numerous records for tropical cyclone activity,^[54] though it might not actually be the most active season in history, since records before 1944 are incomplete.^[55]

During the season, 28 storms were named, more than in any previously recorded Atlantic season. The season's activity was reflected with a very high cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 250. This total ranks it as the second-most active season on record, with only the 1933 season having a higher ACE value.^[56] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total,^[57] the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase.

Three out of the six most intense Atlantic hurricanes (by central pressure) on record occurred in 2005, topped off by Hurricane Wilma's {{convert|882|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} minimum pressure, shattering the 17-year-old record set by Hurricane Gilbert.^[40] Hurricanes Emily, Katrina and Rita also attained Category 5 intensity, and Hurricanes Rita and Katrina became the fourth- and sixth-most intense recorded Atlantic storms, respectively. Hurricane Emily was not originally recorded as a Category 5 storm, but it was upgraded into the post-storm status by the National Hurricane Center.^[16] The 2005 season is the only season on record with four Category 5 storms on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; the previous record was only two. In addition, Hurricane Dennis reached Category 4 status, tying the record set by the 1999 season with five Category 4 storms.

Storm names

The following is a list of names used for tropical storms and hurricanes that formed in the North Atlantic in 2005.

This was the same list used for the 1999 season, with the exceptions of Franklin and Lee, which replaced Floyd and Lenny. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season. Storms were named Franklin, Lee, Maria, Nate, Ophelia, Philippe, Rita, Stan, Tammy, Vince, Wilma, Beta, Gamma, Epsilon, and Zeta for the first (and only, in the cases of Rita, Stan, and Wilma) time in 2005 (the names Alpha and Delta had been previously used in 1972 for two subtropical storms, but this is the first time they have been used in this way). This season used fifteen previously unused names, the most ever in an Atlantic season. Additionally, a subtropical storm that formed in early October was not recognized as such at the time and so did not receive a name. Vince and Wilma were the first, and, so far, only, named "V" and "W" storms ever in the Atlantic basin. On April 6, 2006, the World Meteorological Organization retired five hurricane names: Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma. Their replacements for the 2011 season were Don, Katia, Rina, Sean, and Whitney, respectively.^[58] It was also decided it "was not practical to 'retire into hurricane history' a letter in the Greek Alphabet."^[59]

This surpassed the previous record for the number of hurricane names retired after a single season, four (held by the 1955, 1995, 2004, and 2017 seasons).^[60]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their names, duration, peak strength, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2005 USD.

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite web |author1=William M. Gray |author2=Philip J. Klotzbach | date=December 3, 2004 | title=Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and US Landfall Strike Probability for 2005 | publisher=Colorado State University | accessdate=February 15, 2006 | url=http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2004/dec2004/ | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060307053739/http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2004/dec2004/| archivedate=March 7, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
2. ^{{cite web | author=NOAA | date=April 13, 2006 | title=NOAA Reviews Record-Setting 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate=April 26, 2006 | url= http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2540.htm | authorlink= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060423134422/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2540.htm| archivedate=April 23, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
3. ^{{cite web|author1=William M. Gray |author2=Philip J. Klotzbach| date=April 1, 2005| title=Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and US Landfall Strike Probability for 2005| publisher=Colorado State University| accessdate=February 15, 2006| url=http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2005/april2005/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060210150915/http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2005/april2005/| archivedate=February 10, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite web| author=NOAA| date=May 16, 2005| title=NOAA: 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Outlook| publisher=NOAA | accessdate=May 1, 2006| url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane2005/May/hurricane.html| authorlink=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
5. ^{{cite web|author1=William M. Gray |author2=Philip J. Klotzbach| date=May 31, 2005| title=Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and US Landfall Strike Probability for 2005| publisher=Colorado State University| accessdate=February 15, 2006| url=http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2005/june2005/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060207175843/http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2005/june2005/| archivedate=February 7, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
6. ^{{cite web| author=NOAA| date=August 2, 2005| title=NOAA Raises the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook| publisher=NOAA | accessdate=February 15, 2006| url=http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2484.htm| authorlink=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060208115854/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2484.htm| archivedate=February 8, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
7. ^{{cite web|author1=William M. Gray |author2=Philip J. Klotzbach| date=August 5, 2005| title=Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity, Individual Monthly Activity, and US Landfall Strike Probability for 2005| publisher=Colorado State University| accessdate=February 15, 2006| url=http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2005/aug2005/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060211122543/http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2005/aug2005/| archivedate=February 11, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
8. ^{{cite web| author=National Climatic Data Center| date=November 1, 2007| title=NCDC: Atlantic Ocean 2005 Tropical Cyclones| publisher=National Climatic Data Center| accessdate=July 24, 2008| url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html}}
9. ^¹²{{cite web|author1=Lixion A. Avila |author2=Daniel P. Brown| date=July 20, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Arlene| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL012005_Arlene}}| format=PDF}}
10. ^{{cite web| year=2005| title=Tropical Storm Arlene HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/ARLENE/ARLENE_archive.shtml}}
11. ^{{cite web| author=Richard J. Pasch| date=January 23, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Bret| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL022005_Bret}}| format=PDF}}
12. ^¹{{cite web| author=Stacy R. Stewart| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Cindy| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL032005_Cindy}}| format=PDF}}
13. ^{{cite web| author=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| date=February 14, 2006| title=Hurricane Cindy HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/CINDY/CINDY_archive.shtml}}
14. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web| author=Jack Beven| date=November 22, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dennis| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL042005_Dennis}}| format=PDF| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110102050853/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL042005_Dennis.pdf| archivedate= 2 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}
15. ^{{cite web| year=2005| title=Hurricane Dennis HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/DENNIS/DENNIS_archive.shtml}}
16. ^¹{{cite web|author1=James L. Franklin |author2=Daniel P. Brown| date=March 10, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Emily| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL052005_Emily}}| format=PDF}}
17. ^{{cite web| author=Richard D. Knabb| date=March 17, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Franklin| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL062005_Franklin}}| format=PDF}}
18. ^{{cite web| author=Lixion A. Avila| date=August 10, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Gert| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL072005_Gert}}| format=PDF| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101222143935/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL072005_Gert.pdf| archivedate= 22 December 2010 | deadurl= no}}
19. ^{{cite web| author=Richard D. Knabb| date=March 17, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Harvey| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL082005_Harvey}}| format=PDF}}
20. ^{{cite web| author=Stacy R. Stewart| date=January 20, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL092005_Irene}}| format=PDF}}
21. ^{{cite web| author=Jack Beven| date=January 17, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Ten| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL102005_Ten}}| format=PDF}}
22. ^¹{{cite web| author=James L. Franklin| date=January 13, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Jose| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL112005_Jose}}| format=PDF}}
23. ^{{cite web| author=Fuente: El Universal| year=2005| title=Estiman daños en Veracruz por 500 millones de pesos| publisher=Teorema Ambiental| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.teorema.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=44&id_art=184| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065725/http://www.teorema.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=44&id_art=184| archivedate=September 30, 2007}}
24. ^¹²{{cite web |author1=Richard D. Knabb |author2=Jamie R. Rhome |author3=Daniel P. Brown |date=August 10, 2006 |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina |publisher=National Hurricane Center |accessdate=January 28, 2011 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL122005_Katrina}} |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102050950/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web| author=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| year=2005| title=Hurricane Katrina HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/KATRINA/KATRINA_archive.shtml}}
26. ^{{cite web| author=Lixion A. Avila| date=December 7, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Lee| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL132005_Lee}}| format=PDF}}
27. ^{{cite web|author1=Richard J. Pasch |author2=Eric S. Blake| date=February 8, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Maria| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL142005_Maria}}| format=PDF}}
28. ^{{cite web| author=Stacy R. Stewart| date=November 29, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nate| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL152005_Nate}}| format=PDF}}
29. ^¹{{cite report|author1=Beven, John L|author2=Cobb Hugh D.|author3=National Hurricane Center|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|title=Hurricane Ophelia|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2012-06-13|format=PDF|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL162005_Ophelia}}|date=2006-01-24}}
30. ^{{cite report|author1=Franklin, James L|author2=National Hurricane Center|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|title=Hurricane Philippe|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|accessdate=2012-06-13|format=PDF|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL172005_Philippe}}|date=February 9, 2006}}
31. ^¹{{cite web |author1=Richard D. Knabb |author2=Daniel P. Brown |author3=Jamie R. Rhome |date=August 14, 2006 |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Rita |publisher=National Hurricane Center |accessdate=January 28, 2011 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL182005_Rita}} |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102051224/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL182005_Rita.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
32. ^{{cite web| year=2005| title= Hurricane Rita HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/RITA/RITA_archive.shtml}}
33. ^{{cite web| author=Lixion A. Avila| date=January 1, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Depression Nineteen| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL192005_Nineteen}}| format=PDF}}
34. ^¹{{cite web|author1=Richard J. Pasch |author2=David P. Roberts| date=February 14, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Stan| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL202005_Stan}}| format=PDF}}
35. ^{{cite web|author1=Jack Beven |author2=Eric S. Blake| date=April 10, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Unnamed Subtropical Storm| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL212005_Unnamed}}| format=PDF}}
36. ^{{cite web| author=Stacy R. Stewart| date=January 28, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Tammy| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL222005_Tammy}}| format=PDF}}
37. ^{{cite web| year=2005| title=Tropical Storm Tammy HPC Advisory Archive| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/2005/TAMMY/TAMMY_archive.shtml}}
38. ^¹{{cite web |author=Jack Beven |date=January 17, 2006 |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Depression Twenty-Two |publisher=National Hurricane Center |accessdate=January 28, 2011 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL232005_Twenty-two}} |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418065801/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL232005_Twenty-Two.pdf |archivedate=April 18, 2015 |df= }}
39. ^¹{{cite web| author=James L. Franklin| date=February 22, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Vince| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL242005_Vince}}| format=PDF}}
40. ^¹²{{cite web |author1=Richard J. Pasch |author2=Eric S. Blake |author3=Hugh D. Cobb III |author4=David P. Roberts |date=September 28, 2006 |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma |publisher=National Hurricane Center |accessdate=January 28, 2011 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL252005_Wilma}} |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102052857/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL252005_Wilma.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
41. ^{{cite web| author=Lixion A. Avila| date=January 4, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Alpha| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL262005_Alpha}}| format=PDF}}
42. ^¹{{cite web|author1=Richard J. Pasch |author2=David P. Roberts| date=March 28, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Beta| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL272005_Beta}}| format=PDF}}
43. ^{{cite web| author=Stacy R. Stewart| date=November 24, 2005| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Gamma| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL282005_Gamma}}| format=PDF}}
44. ^{{cite web| author=Jack Beven| date=February 14, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Delta| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL292005_Delta}}| format=PDF}}
45. ^¹{{cite web| author=James L. Franklin| date=January 7, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Epsilon| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL302005_Epsilon}}| format=PDF}}
46. ^¹{{cite web|author1=Richard D. Knabb |author2=Daniel P. Brown| date=March 17, 2006| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Zeta| publisher=National Hurricane Center| accessdate=January 28, 2011| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL312005_Zeta}}| format=PDF}}
47. ^{{cite web | author = Christopher Landsea | year = 2005 | url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E12.html | title = AOML Frequently Asked Questions, E12 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate =April 3, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060422015918/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E12.html| archivedate=April 22, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
48. ^{{cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce |title=Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report |accessdate=July 14, 2006 |url=http://www.weather.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/Katrina.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723034359/http://www.weather.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/Katrina.pdf |archivedate=July 23, 2006 |deadurl=yes |date=June 2006 |df= }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |title=The deadliest, costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts) |page=47 |accessdate=August 10, 2011 |date=August 10, 2011 |authors=National Climatic Data Center, National Hurricane Center |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
50. ^{{cite web | author = National Hurricane Center | year = 2006 | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml#wilma | title = Hurricane History: Hurricane Wilma 2005 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate =August 7, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060709200046/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/history.shtml| archivedate=July 9, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
51. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |last=Beven |first=John L. |author2=Avila, Lixion A. |author3=Blake, Eric S. |author4=Brown, Daniel P. |author5=Franklin, James L. |author6=Knabb, Richard D. |author7=Pasch, Richard J. |author8=Rhome, Jamie R. |author9=Stewart, Stacy R. |title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=March 2008 |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=1109–1173 |doi=10.1175/2007MWR2074.1 |bibcode = 2008MWRv..136.1109B }}
52. ^{{cite book |author=United States Congress |date=February 19, 2006 |title=A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |accessdate=April 29, 2017|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-109hrpt377/pdf/CRPT-109hrpt377.pdf}}
53. ^{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |year=2005 |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=210&tstamp=200510 |title=Wilma strengthens, heads out to sea |accessdate=April 3, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907213436/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=210&tstamp=200510 |archivedate=September 7, 2015 |df= }}
54. ^{{cite web | author = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | year = 2005 | url = http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2540b.htm | title = Noteworthy Records of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate =April 3, 2006}}
55. ^{{cite web |author=Chris Landsea |year=2005 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E11.html |title=AOML Frequently Asked Questions, E11 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate=April 3, 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422015904/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E11.html |archivedate=April 22, 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
56. ^{{cite web |author=Hurricane Research Division |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=April 2012 |title=Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT |accessdate=May 7, 2012 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/comparison_table_apr12.html}}
57. ^{{cite web |author=David Levinson |date=August 20, 2008 |title=2005 Atlantic Ocean Tropical Cyclones |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=July 23, 2011 |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html}}
58. ^{{cite web| author = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| year = 2006| url = http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm| title = Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan and Wilma "Retired" From List Of Storm Names| accessdate =April 6, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060407200450/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm| archivedate=April 7, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
59. ^{{cite web|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=March 30 – April 4, 2006|accessdate=September 1, 2016|title=RA IV Hurricane Committee Twenty-Eighth Session: Final Report|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/FINAL-REPORT-HC-28.pdf|format=PDF}} Storms named with Greek letters that would otherwise be eligible for retirement would appear in the retired name list, but have a notation affixed with the circumstances.
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtml |title=Retired Hurricane Names Since 1954 |date=March 16, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |accessdate=July 22, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628193705/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/retirednames.shtml| archivedate=June 28, 2011 | deadurl= no}}