“Bodo-Kachari people”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The term Bodo was first used by B H Hodgson in 1847, to denote a language; he took the word 'Bodo' from the Meches of Darjeeling district in 1846,^[3] though this term was never used in the sources of history of Assam.^[4] Grierson took this term to denote a section of the Assam-Burma group of the Tibeto-Burman speakers of the Sino-Tibetan speech family,{{sfn|Choudhury|2007|p=1}} which included the languages of (1) Mech; (2) Rabha; (3) Lalung (Tiwa); (4) Dimasa (Hills Kachari); (5) Garo (6) Tiprasa and (7) Chutiya.{{sfn|Grierson|1903|p=2}} Over time, for anthropological and linguistic purposes, Bodo came to denote all people in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh that spoke related languages now or in the past, or claimed a shared ancestry.^[5] This umbrella-group includes such sub-groups as Mech in Bengal and Nepal; Boros, Dimasa, Chutia, Sonowal, Rabha, Tiwa in Assam, and the Kokborok people in Tripura and Bangladesh.^[6]^[7] This is in contrast to popular and socio-political usage, where Bodo denotes the politically dominant sub-group in the Bodoland Territorial Autonomous Districts.^[8]^[9]

Although the word "Bodo" was used as an umbrella term during the British period, the origin of the term can be found in almost all the sub-tribes of the community. According to historians, the word "Bodo" is derived from Hbrog or Brogok which means Human being/ Great Man.^[10]

On the other hand, the term Kachari has been used through much of history to denote the same people.^[11] Nevertheless, a recent effort by the Boro people to use the term Bodo instead to denote the umbrella group is resented by some other groups, especially the Dimasas since 'Bodo' is the name of a Dimasa clan.^[12]

Dimasa-Bodosa

Chutiya-Burok

Among Chutias, Burok means noble/great men. The Buroks formed a major part of the tribe. The Chutias who were thought to be healthy and strong was termed as Burok and took up the administrative and military roles in the Chutia kingdom. All Chutia royalty belonged to the Burok clan. Even the Motok king Sarbananda Singha belonged to the Burok Chutia clan.{{cn|date=January 2019}} Surnames like Bora, Borua have their origins in the Chutia kingdom and are related to Bara/Bodo/Buruk only. There is mention of Manik Chandra Barua, Dhela Bora, Borhuloi Barua as commanders of Chutia army. Later the Ahoms adopted the title after the downfall of Chutias.

Moran-Badaucha

The Morans called their leader/chief as Badaucha(great man). The origin folklore of the Morans is same as that of Boruk Chutias which indicate that they were a faction which split at an early time.^[14]

Deori-Burok

Twipuri-Borok

The Tripuris often call themselves Boroks and their language is called Kokborok.^[15]

Reang-Bru

Origins

They were first classified by S. Endle as the Kacharis. Here, Bodo is derived from Bod which means Tibet and Kachari is derived from Kachar meaning area near the river. They are considered to have reached the Brahmaputra valley via Tibet and South China, and settled in the foothills of the eastern Himalayan range which includes the whole of Assam, Tripura, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh. That the Bodo-Kacharis were early colonizers of the river valleys is taken from the fact that most of the rivers in the Brahmaputra valley today carry Tibeto-Burman names — Dibang, Dihang, Dikhou, Dihing, etc. — where Di- means water in Deori-Chutia, Moran , Dimasa , other dialects Bodo languages. ("Ti" in Lalung (Tiwa) language, "Twi" in Tripuri language, "Dwi" in 8th scheduled Boro & "Chi" in Garo). There are many places name given by Bodo-Kachari people are Dispur , Dinajpur, Dimapur , Dibrugarh , Hajo , Mongoldoi , Diphu etc

Groups

Some of the groups, such as Moran and Saraniya consider themselves as lower-caste Hindus. Other groups, such as the Garo, Rabha,

History

The Tripuri, Chutiya, Koch and Dimasa had established powerful kingdoms in the past. The Tripuri kings had even defeated the Mughals and the Burmese kingdoms in the past. Today, the Bodos, the Tripuris, and the Garos have established a strong political and ethnic identity and are developing their language and literature. The Sonowal Kachari is also a branch of greater Kachari. They live in the districts of Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Sivasagar, Lakhimpur, Golaghat and Jorhat.

State formations of the Bodo-Kachari people

Bodo-Kachari unitedly lived in Kamarupa kingdom but Power struggle separated into many parts.^[16] {{Further information|Koch dynasty|Chutiya Kingdom|Kachari kingdom|Twipra Kingdom}}

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|last1=Govt. of India|first1=Ministry of Home Affairs|title=Eight Schedules|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf|website=mha.nic.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf#|archive-date=5 March 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/report-on-the-census-of-assam-for-1881/oclc/43392716|title=Report on the census of Assam for 1881.|last=Assam (India)|date=1883|publisher=Office of Superintendent of Government Printing, India|location=Calcutta|language=English|oclc=43392716}}
3. ^{{harv|Narjinari|2000|p=4}}{{harv|Grierson|1903|p=1}}
4. ^"The term Bodo was first used by Brian H Hodgson in his book On the Koch, Bodoand Dhimal Tribes in 1847 and no reference of the term is seen in any sources in the history of Assam." {{harvcol|Bathari|2014|p=14}}
5. ^"[I]t seems that the term Bodo is used particularly to denote sections of people having an agnatic relationship in terms of speech practices and a strong sense of shared ancestry. This term the Bodo is more anthropological in its usage." {{harvcol|Bathari|2014|p=14}}
6. ^{{harvcol|Bathari|2014|p=14}}
7. ^¹"The term Bodo is also used to denote a large number of tribes— The Bodo people, The Garos of Meghalaya, Tiprasa of Tripura, Koch, Rabha, Lalung, Dimasa, Hajong, Chutia, Deuri and Moran of Assam and other parts of Northeast (M N Brahma, "The Bodo-Kacharis of Assam---A brief Introduction) 1:1 (1983) p52" {{harv|George|1994|p=878}}
8. ^"In present-day socio-political terminology, the Bodo means the plains tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley known earlier as Bodo-Kachari." {{harv|Choudhury|2007|p=1}}
9. ^"The media at the regional and national level; officials at the Centre and the state political parties of all hues and the people, in general, have accepted what may be termed as a contraction of the original denotion." {{harv|Choudhury|2007|p=1}}
10. ^Bodo word explained
11. ^"On the other hand, for the larger part of history, this group of people is referred to as Kacharis." {{harvcol|Bathari|2014|p=14}}
12. ^"In recent times, there has been an effort from a section of the Boros in resolving this ambivalence in nomenclature by adopting the common name of ‘Bodo’. This has been viewed with contempt by several sections of the groups as a design by the Boros to establish their pre-dominance over numerically and otherwise weaker sections of the group. Most ofthe resistance has come from the Dimasas, who often accuse the Boros of appropriating the history and language of the Dimasas. Besides, Bodo is one of the forty male clans among Dimasas and for this reason they also refuse to be identified with a name that is only a clan." {{harvcol|Bathari|2014|pp=14-15}}
13. ^The Dimasawere known as Bodosa who migrated to Dimapur region and settled on the banksof Dhansiri, and later came to be known as Dimasa]
14. ^Moran chief Badaucha
15. ^Tripuris are called Boroks
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://coochbehar.nic.in/HTMfiles/royal_history.html|title=Royal history of Cooch Behar|website=coochbehar.nic.in|access-date=2019-03-25}}

Etymology