| 词条 | Bologna bottle |
| 释义 |
A Bologna bottle, also known as a Bologna phial or philosophical vial,[1] is a glass bottle which has great external strength, often used in physics demonstrations and magic tricks. The exterior is generally strong enough that one could pound a nail into a block of wood using the bottle as a hammer; however, even a small scratch on the interior would cause it to crumble.[2] It is created by heating a glass bottle and then rapidly cooling the outside whilst slowly cooling the inside.[3] This causes external compression and internal tension such that even a scratch on the inside is sufficient to shatter the bottle. The effect is utilized in several magic effects, including the "Devil's Flask".{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} ManufactureTo create the desired effect, the bottles are rapidly cooled on the outside and slow cooled on the inside during the glass-making process. This causes the outside to be extremely hard, and the inside to be soft and susceptible to damage which can release the powerful internal stresses.[4] The glass is not annealed.[5][6] Reheating the glass and then allowing it to cool slowly will remove the unique properties from the glass.[7] UsesBecause of the seemingly paradoxical nature of the glass (being both extremely durable and extremely fragile), Bologna bottles are often used as props in magic tricks, where the bottle can be shattered by rattling a small object inside it. HistoryMentioned in the publication of the Royal Society around 1740s, the Bologna bottle is named for where it was first discovered in Bologna, Italy. During this period, a glassblower would create a Bologna bottle by leaving the bottle in the open air instead of immediately placing the bottle back into the furnace to cool (annealing). This produced a special phenomenon, where the bottle would remain intact even when dropped from a distance onto the brick floor, but would immediately rupture if a small piece of flint were placed inside.[8] Although the bottle can resist a strong external force, the extremely fragile flaws inside the bottle prevent it from being used in practical applications. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Cooley|first=Arnold James|title=A cyclopaedia of six thousand practical receipts, and collateral information in the arts manufactures, and trades including medicine, pharmacy, and domestic economy: Designed as a compendious book of reference for the manufacturer, tradesman, amateur, and heads of families|year=1854|publisher=D. Appleton & Co.|isbn=|pages=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_W4DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=making+Bologna+Vials&source=bl&ots=-c9f0hKLrK&sig=2Gx8LF1GC4DWNwgcKoOYgEtiKNg&hl=en&ei=bpqbTs-1OePv0gGRgMHKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Edward Henry|title=Knight's American mechanical dictionary: A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering; history of inventions; general technological vocabulary; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts|year=1876|publisher=Hurd and Houghton|isbn=|pages=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjZVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=making+Bologna+Vials&source=bl&ots=24N6WX6dft&sig=O3utAmj-aopGXe4PyL5XvNuMiNM&hl=en&ei=bpqbTs-1OePv0gGRgMHKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 3. ^ Eggert, Gerhard (2007). "Hot Glass, Cold Water: Experiments in the History of Glass Fracture". Interim Meeting of the ICOM-CC Working Group: 8–13. 4. ^{{cite web|title=How Things Work|url=http://www.cybermanual.com/how-things-work-demonstrations-how-everything.html?page=135|accessdate=15 February 2017|page=135|quote=The bottle is tempered in such a way that the outside surface is experiencing compression and the inside surface is experiencing tensile stress. Since it is very hard to start a tear in a layer that is being compressed, it is hard to tear the outside of the bologna bottle. But the inside is under tension and the slightest injury to it will cause the surface to tear itself to shreds.}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=The new American cyclopædia, ed. by G. Ripley and C.A. Dana|year=1859|publisher=Beam-Browning|isbn=|pages=450|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST3rqchfNTQC&pg=PA450&lpg=PA450&dq=making+Bologna+Vials&source=bl&ots=e-RMzP-mkV&sig=rqGcQChFbSj4zkwBIGVDTlcMnqg&hl=en&ei=bpqbTs-1OePv0gGRgMHKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=1913 Websters Dictionary via hyperdictionary.com|url=http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/bologna|work=1913 Websters Dictionary}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=The Locomotive, Volume 6|year=1885|publisher=Hartford Steam Broiler Inspection and Insurance Co|isbn=|pages=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt8_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=making+Bologna+Vials&source=bl&ots=wFYNat2uoA&sig=fASTRCA14QCzSichKuqs5_oIwgc&hl=en&ei=vpqbTurEL6TY0QGilPnpBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 8. ^ [https://books.google.com/books?id=SFEVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1343&dq=bologna+bottle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAhaz5hp7TAhUBxmMKHfUxCf0Q6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=bologna%20bottle&f=false The Philosophical Transactions and Collections – Royal society of London: Abridged and Disposed Under General Heads, Volume 10 (1743-1750). p. 1343] External links
5 : Glass bottles|Glass engineering and science|Glass physics|Magic tricks|Prop design |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。