1. History
    Wooden castle of the German Order  Stone castle of the Kronstadt Saxons  Royal residence and aftermath 

2. "Dracula's Castle"
     Vlad the Impaler    Vlad the Impaler at Castle Bran    Connection to Bram Stoker's Dracula   Image gallery 

3. See also

4. References

5. External links

Bran Castle ({{lang-ro|Castelul Bran}}; {{lang-de|Törzburg}}; {{lang-hu|Törcsvár}}), situated near Bran and in the immediate vicinity of Brașov, is a national monument and landmark in Romania. The fortress is situated on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on DN73.

Commonly known outside Romania as Dracula's Castle (although it is one among several locations linked to the Dracula legend, including Poenari Castle and Hunyadi Castle),{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} it is often erroneously referred to as the home of the title character in Bram Stoker's Dracula. There is, however, no evidence that Stoker knew anything about this castle, which has only tangential associations with Vlad the Impaler, voivode of Wallachia, the putative inspiration for Dracula. Dutch author Hans Corneel de Roos^[1] proposes as location for Castle Dracula an empty mountain top, Mount Izvorul Călimanului, {{convert|2033|m|ft}} high, located in the Călimani Alps near the former border with Moldavia. Stoker's description of Dracula's crumbling fictional castle also bears no resemblance to Bran Castle.

The castle is now a museum dedicated to displaying art and furniture collected by Queen Marie.^[2] Tourists can see the interior on their own or by a guided tour. At the bottom of the hill is a small open-air museum exhibiting traditional Romanian peasant structures (cottages, barns, water-driven machinery, etc.) from the Bran region.^[3]

History

Wooden castle of the German Order

In 1212, the Teutonic Order built the wooden castle of Dietrichstein as a fortified position in the Burzenland at the entrance to a mountain pass through which traders had travelled for more than a millennium, but in 1242 it was destroyed by the Mongols.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

The original name of the castle, Dietrichstein or lapis Theoderici in Latin, lit. "Dietrich's Stone", seems to have been derived from the Comthur (Commander) and regional Preceptor, frater Theodericus, mentioned in a 1212 document.^[4] This Dietrich is the probable builder of the castle.^[4] A 1509 document confirms that the Törzburg county had once belonged to Commander Dietrich of the Teutonic Order.^[4]

Stone castle of the Kronstadt Saxons

The first documented mentioning of Bran Castle is the act issued by Louis I of Hungary on 19 November 1377, giving the Saxons of Kronstadt (modern Brașov) the privilege to build the stone castle on their own expense and labour force; the settlement of Bran began to develop nearby. In 1438–1442, the castle was used in defense against the Ottoman Empire, and later became a customs post on the mountain pass between Transylvania and Wallachia. Although many castles of the time belonged to members of nobility, it has been established that Bran Castle was built almost exclusively for fortification and protection of German colonists in Transylvania.^[5]It is believed the castle was briefly held by Mircea the Elder of Wallachia (r. 1386–1395, 1397–1418) during whose period the customs point was established. The Wallachian ruler Vlad Țepeș (Vlad the Impaler; 1448–1476) does not seem to have had a significant role in the history of the fortress, although he passed several times through the Bran Gorge. At some point Bran Castle belonged to the Hungarian kings, but due to the failure of King Vladislas II (r. 1471–1516) to repay loans, the city of Brașov regained possession of the fortress in 1533. Bran played a militarily strategic role up to the mid-18th century.^[6]

Royal residence and aftermath

With the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost Transylvania, and the castle became a royal residence within the Kingdom of Romania after being donated to the royal house by the Saxons of Kronstadt-Braşov, who had no more use for it and no interest in financing the time-damaged property. It became the favorite home and retreat of Queen Marie, who ordered its extensive renovation conducted by the Czech architect {{ill|Karel Zdeněk Líman|cs}}. The castle was inherited by her daughter Princess Ileana who ran a hospital there in World War II. It was later seized by the communist regime with the expulsion of the royal family in 1948.^[3]

In 2005, the Romanian government passed a special law allowing restitution claims on properties illegally expropriated, such as Bran, and thus a year later the castle was awarded ownership to American Dominic von Habsburg, the son and heir of Princess Ileana.^[7][8]

On 18 May 2006, after a period of legal proceedings, the castle was legally returned to heirs of the Habsburg family. However, the Romanian state, through the Ministry of Culture, will also administer it over the next three years.

In September 2007, an investigation committee of the Romanian Parliament stated that the retrocession of the castle to Archduke Dominic was illegal, as it broke the Romanian law on property and succession.^[9] However, in October 2007 the Constitutional Court of Romania rejected the parliament's petition on the matter. In addition, an investigation commission of the Romanian government issued a decision in December 2007 reaffirming the validity and legality of the restitution procedures used and confirming that the restitution was made in full compliance with the law.^[10][11]

On 18 May 2009, the Bran Castle administration was transferred from the government to the administration of Archduke Dominic and his sisters, Baroness Maria Magdalena of Holzhausen and Elisabeth Sandhofer. On 1 June 2009, the Habsburgs opened the refurbished castle to the public as the first private museum of the country and presented in collaboration with Bran village a joint strategic concept to maintain their prominent role in the Romanian tourist circuit and to safeguard the economic base in the region.

"Dracula's Castle"

Vlad the Impaler

Vlad the Impaler at Castle Bran

Though many myths have been connected to Vlad III in connection with the Dracula myth, most historians agree that Vlad III Dracula never set foot in Castle Bran. The castle was connected to Vlad III for a number of reasons. Castle Bran was neither a friendly place for Vlad III to visit, nor was it under his rule. His connection to the castle had long been one linked to his imprisonment after he was captured by the Hungarians in 1462. It was believed that he was imprisoned in Castle Bran, but historians now conclude that Vlad III was actually imprisoned in a fortress in Budapest. It is said by historians that Castle Bran was chosen to be the colloquial location of Vlad III's imprisonment as it is a more haunting and dramatic looking structure than other castles of the region. Historians and scholars alike have concluded that Vlad III likely never set foot in the castle. However, as there is a lack of written historical accounts from the region at that time, the idea cannot be completely discredited.^[12][5]

Connection to Bram Stoker's Dracula

Although Vlad III may not have ever been to Castle Bran, there is still today a strong connection between the castle and the novel Dracula, by Bram Stoker. During Stoker's research on the region of Transylvania, he came across the brutal accounts of the atrocities committed by Vlad III. It is said he directly used the name Dracula after reading on the subject, but that his inspiration for Dracula was not solely based upon the historical figure. It is said instead that it was largely due to American cinema that Vlad III is considered the primary source of inspiration for the character Count Dracula.^[13] Despite there being a connection between Stoker and Vlad III, there is still no known direct connection between Stoker's fictional castle and Bran Castle. The description of the castle in the novel Dracula does not directly match the description of Bran Castle. It is now known that the reason there is such a widely known and believed connection between Castle Bran and the Dracula legend (in both the sense of Vlad III Dracula and Bram Stoker's novel) is tourism.^[12]

In the 1970s, the Communist Party of Romania began developing a closer relationship to the West. It was through their relationship with the western world that Romania decided to put a wider focus on marketing for tourism to their country. Because of the location of Bran Castle, its dramatic architecture, and its connection to Vlad III Dracula and his connection to Bram Stoker's Dracula, the Romanian government decided to market the castle as the "real Dracula Castle". As such, it would serve to draw in tourists and increase Romania's economy, while giving exposure to the country to make it a more well known name. The castle, now a museum, has been widely visited and respected both for aiding the economy of Romania and bringing more light to the legend of Vlad III Dracula.

Image gallery

See also

• Castles in Romania
  • Poenari Castle, an authentic Vlad the Impaler castle ruin
  • Peleș Castle
  • Corvin Castle
• Tourism in Romania
• Seven Wonders of Romania

References

External links

• Official Site of Castle Bran
• [https://rolandia.eu/tours/dracula-castle-tour/ Bran Castle Tour]
• [https://sekulada.com/zamek-w-branie/ History and photos of Bran Castle] {{pl icon}}

http://www.transylvania-discovery-tours.ro/ Bran Castle Tour

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