| 词条 | BSA (The Software Alliance) |
| 释义 |
The Software Alliance, also known as BSA, is a trade group established by Microsoft Corporation in 1988 and representing a number of the world's largest software makers and is a member of the International Intellectual Property Alliance. Its principal activity is trying to stop copyright infringement of software produced by its members. Founded as the Business Software Alliance, it dropped "Business" from its name in October 2012, and styles itself "BSA | The Software Alliance".[1] It is funded through membership dues based on member company's software revenues, and through settlements from companies it successfully brings action against. Many Microsoft EULAs include a clause requiring users to agree to audits by software companies.[2]{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2014}} History{{expand section|date=August 2013}}In 2013 Victoria Espinel resigned from the office of the United States Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator (IPEC) of the Office of Management and Budget and joined the staff of the BSA as its president.[3] CampaignsPlay It Cybersafe"Play It Cyber Safe" campaign features an anti-piracy ferret for a mascot. Objectives of the campaign include:[4]
Bust Your Boss!Among the more provocative approaches BSA has taken is the Bust Your Boss! campaign that has appeared on billboards, printed publications and on the Internet with the following suggestion: "Is your current or former employer using pirated software in their office? Hit 'em where it really hurts - report their illegal software use today." Public policyBSA | The Software Alliance has put forward submissions to the Advisory Council on Intellectual Property (Australia) in their Review of the Innovation Patent System.[5] MembersMembership includes the following:[7]l Members no longer listed as members {{as of|May 2014|lc=y}}:. {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
CriticismThe BSA's enforcement practices against small to medium-sized businesses have been the subject of numerous articles.[8][9] About 2006, the BSA came under fire for offering reward money up to $200,000 USD to disgruntled employees that report current or former employers for alleged violations of BSA member software licenses.[10] According to an article in Mother Jones magazine,[11] the BSA discovered in 1995 that Antel, the Uruguayan national telephone company, had copied $100,000 worth of Microsoft, Novell, and Symantec software. The BSA's lawyers in Uruguay quickly filed suit, but dropped the suit in 1997 when Antel signed a "special agreement" with Microsoft to replace all of its software with Microsoft products. This has led to accusations that the BSA is a front for Microsoft, with its other members being enlisted purely to disguise Microsoft's dominant role.[11] The BSA supported the highly controversial US Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).[12] This has led to calls from various online communities that BSA members should be boycotted as a result of their perceived attack on the Internet's underlying structure.[13] Kaspersky Lab has left the BSA over this.[14] BSA annual software piracy studyBSA has been heavily criticized about the yearly study it publishes about copyright infringement of software. This study, produced in collaboration with the International Data Corporation, tries to estimate the level of copyright infringement of software in different countries, as well as the resulting losses for the software industry.[15] The methodology consists in estimating the number of computers shipped in a given country, as well as the average quantity of software installed on these machines. Separately, an estimation of the quantity of legitimate software sold in the country is produced, and the difference between the total amount of software estimated to be in use in the country and the estimation of software sold is used as an indicator of the rate of unauthorized copying. An estimation of the total amount lost is produced by multiplying the estimator number of unauthorized copies by the price of the original software. These estimates have been criticized as being exaggerated and many flaws of the methodology have been pointed out; some of the figures seem to be guesses rather than solid data, and some data may not be representative. The calculation of the losses, in particular, assumes that each piece of copied software represents a direct loss of sale for software companies, a very contested assumption.[16] The study's assumptions have been described as erroneous in a way "that would get a first year student of statistics into trouble".[17] These criticisms have been aggravated by the use of the BSA study to lobby for new, stricter copyright laws and to seek tougher penalties for people convicted of copyright infringement on software. In Britain, a judge cited the data provided by the BSA to justify a lengthy prison sentence for two people convicted of copyright infringement.[16] Another study claiming that software patents are of the same importance to small and medium enterprises and large companies, has been described as misleading and as using a flawed methodology, but the results have nevertheless been quoted by politicians.[18] Related organizations{{Portal|United States}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.microscope.co.uk/news/2240165145/BSA-becomes-Software-Alliance|title=BSA becomes Software Alliance|publisher=|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samanage.com/solutions/microsoft_audit.html|title=Avoid Microsoft Compliance Audit - Samanage|publisher=|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 3. ^"US copyright czar resigns from White House for job at anti-piracy firm." Russia Today. August 28, 2013. Retrieved on August 28, 2013. 4. ^Play It Cybersafe {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022053723/http://www.copyrightfoundation.org/library/14/play_it_cybersafe |date=October 22, 2010 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.acip.gov.au/pdfs/ACIP_Final_Report_-_Review_of_the_Innovation_Patent_System.pdf|title=Review of the Innovation Patent System FINAL REPORT|accessdate=2014-06-30}} 6. ^Official Member List (Last update check: 2011-10-03) 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bsa.org/about-bsa/bsa-members|title=Official Member List|work=BSA Global|accessdate=7 May 2014}} 8. ^Ericka Chickowski. "After 20 Years, Critics Question the BSA's Real Motives." Baseline, 25 January 2008. 9. ^Paul McNamara. "BSA, software giants target little guys." 26 November 2007. 10. ^{{Cite news | title = Business Software Alliance: Outright liars or just truth challenged? | first = James E. | last = Gaskin | date = 2006-06-29 | publisher = Network World, Inc. | url = http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/sbt/2006/0626networker3.html}} 11. ^1 {{Cite news | title = Overseas Invasion | first = Rachel | last = Burstein | date= January–February 1998 | publisher = Mother Jones Magazine | url = http://motherjones.com/politics/1998/01/overseas-invasion}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bsa.org/country/News+and+Events/News+Archives/en/2011/en-10262011-smithbill.aspx|title=Error 404|website=www.bsa.org|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/politics/comments/mgo5j/boycotting_sopa_supporters/|title=r/politics - Boycotting SOPA supporters.|website=reddit|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 14. ^{{cite news|last=Mills|first=Elinor|title=Kaspersky dumps trade group over SOPA|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-57336961-38/kaspersky-dumps-trade-group-over-sopa/|newspaper=CNET|date=December 5, 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011}} 15. ^Third Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study, May 2006. See also http://www.bsa.org/globalstudy/ for general information about the study. 16. ^1 {{Cite news | title = Dodgy software piracy data | publisher = The Economist | date = 2005-05-19 | url = http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3993427 | archivedate = 2005-05-25 | archiveurl = http://copyfight.corante.com/archives/2005/05/25/the_economist_rails_on_flawed_bsa_piracy_study.php}} 17. ^{{Cite news | title = Lies, damn lies and statistics | publisher = ZDNet UK | date = 2005-06-24 | url = http://www.zdnet.com/lies-damn-lies-and-statistics-3039205464/}} 18. ^{{Cite news | title = BSA figures do not add up | first = Ingrid | last = Marson | publisher = ZDNet UK | date = 2005-06-24 | url = http://opinion.zdnet.co.uk/comment/0,1000002138,39205463,00.htm?r=1}} External links
5 : Industry trade groups based in the United States|Front organizations|Lobbying organizations based in Washington, D.C.|Intellectual property organizations|1988 establishments in the United States |
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