| 词条 | Capital punishment in Virginia |
| 释义 |
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Virginia. Current statusLegal processWhen the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).[1] Virginia is the state with the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution (less than 8 years). It has executed 113 offenders since 1976 and has just 2 remaining on death row as of December 2018.[2][3] On November 10, 2009, Virginia executed spree killer John Allen Muhammad for the 2002 D.C. sniper attacks during which 17 people were killed. His death sentence was finalized in six years.[3] The governor has the power of clemency with respect to death sentences.[4] The method of execution is lethal injection, unless the condemned requests electrocution instead.[5] Capital crimesUnder Virginia's Criminal Code, capital murder is defined as "willful, deliberate, and premeditated" killing involving at least one of the following aggravating factors:[6]
Modern Era Post-GreggAfter the Supreme Court of the United States upheld Georgia's "guided discretion" laws in Gregg v. Georgia, Virginia's laws were modified along the same lines. The first person executed after being sentenced to death under these laws was Frank Coppola on August 10, 1982. He was the first of individual executed by the state in the modern era. The electric chair continued to be solely used until 1994, when legislation was enacted giving inmates the choice of lethal injection or the electric chair, with lethal injection the default method if no choice was made. Seven inmates have since opted for the Virginia electric chair; the most recent was Robert Gleason on January 16, 2013. Former Gov. Timothy M. Kaine has also stated that he opposes the option of the electric chair, but he did not move to drop it as an option while in office. Executions are carried out at Greensville Correctional Center near Jarratt, Virginia; the men's death row is located at the Sussex I State Prison near Waverly, Virginia and the women's death row is at the Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women.[7] The execution chamber moved from the former Virginia State Penitentiary to Greensville in 1991.[8] On August 3, 1998, the male death row moved from Mecklenburg Correctional Center to Sussex I.[9] State law specifies that at least six citizens who are not employees of the Department of Corrections must be present to serve as witnesses to the execution. Since Governor George Allen signed an executive order on the matter in 1994, relatives of the homicide victim(s) in the case have the right to witness the execution. Relatives of the condemned inmate are barred from being present. In 1992, Roger Keith Coleman was executed by the state for the 1981 rape and murder of his sister-in-law Wanda McCoy. Coleman's case drew national and worldwide attention before and after his execution because of his repeated claims of innocence: Time magazine featured Coleman on its May 18, 1992, cover. After his death, his was the second case nationally in which DNA evidence was analyzed of an executed man. In January 2006, Virginia Governor Mark Warner announced that testing of DNA evidence had conclusively proven that Coleman was guilty of the crime.[10] The most recent person to be sentenced to death in Virginia was Mark E. Lawlor, whose sentence was handed down on June 23, 2011. Lawlor was sentenced to death by the Honorable Randy I. Bellows of Fairfax County Circuit Court. Early historyThe first recorded execution in the future United States took place in 1608 at the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. Captain George Kendall was executed for treason.[11] Hanging was the predominant method for executions before 1909. Other methods had been used during this time — three people convicted of piracy in 1700 were gibbeted, four pirates were hanged in chains in 1720, and a female slave was burned in 1737. From 1910 until 1994, the electric chair was used for all executions. On February 2, 1951, four African Americans (of the Martinsville Seven) were executed for rape in one case and another was executed for murder in an unrelated case—the most executions held on a single day in Virginia. On February 5, 1951, the remaining three defendants in the rape case were executed.[12] The case of the Martinsville Seven led to scrutiny of racial bias in death penalties for rape in Virginia. Only Black men were executed for rape, de jure through the end of the Civil War, and de facto since the introduction of the electric chair.[13] The youngest person to have been executed in Virginia was Percy Ellis, who at the age of 16 was electrocuted on March 15, 1916. Only two women, Virginia Christian in 1912 and Teresa Lewis in 2010, have been put to death by the state since it took over executions from the counties. The last execution for rape took place on February 17, 1961. See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=§ 19.2-264.4. Sentence proceeding.|url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter15/section19.2-264.4/ |publisher=law.lis.virginia.gov |accessdate=June 4, 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web |title= VIRGINIA'S EXECUTION HISTORY |url=https://www.vadp.org/dp-info/virginias-execution-history/ |publisher=vadp.org |accessdate=June 4, 2017}}{{cite web |title= VIRGINIA’S DEATH ROW INMATES |url=https://www.vadp.org/dp-info/virginias-death-row-inmates/ |publisher=vadp.org |accessdate=June 4, 2017}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |title=Conviction to Execution "Takes Too Long" |url=http://www.ktrh.com/articles/houston-news-121300/conviction-to-execution-takes-too-long-14356331/ |publisher=ktrh.com |accessdate=March 22, 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Article V. Executive; Section 12. Executive clemency|url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/constitution/article5/section12/ |publisher=law.lis.virginia.gov |accessdate=June 4, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web |title=§ 53.1-234. Transfer of prisoner; how death sentence executed; who to be present. |url=http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title53.1/chapter13/section53.1-234/ |publisher=law.lis.virginia.gov |accessdate=June 4, 2017}} 6. ^Virginia Code § 18.2-31. 7. ^Facts about Virginia's Death Row. NBC4 Washington. Tuesday November 10, 2009. Retrieved on May 29, 2012. 8. ^Richardson, Selden. The Tri-State Gang in Richmond: Murder and Robbery in the Great Depression (True Crime Series). The History Press, 2012. {{ISBN|1609495233}}, 9781609495237. p. [https://books.google.ae/books?id=ijY2-fP4ji4C&pg=PA203 203]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 9. ^"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091111220214/http://www.myfoxdc.com/dpp/news/virginia/virginia-death-row-execution-facts-111009 Facts about Virginia's Death Row]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6iyGp0qAM?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20091111220214/http://www.myfoxdc.com/dpp/news/virginia/virginia-death-row-execution-facts-111009 Archive]). NBC4 Washington. Tuesday November 10, 2009. Retrieved on May 29, 2012. 10. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/12/AR2006011201210_2.html Maria Gold and Michael D. Shear, "DNA Tests Confirm Guilt of Executed Man"], Washington Post, 12 January 2006; Quote: "The testing in Coleman's case marks only the second time nationwide that DNA tests have been performed after an execution. In 2000, tests ordered by a Georgia judge in the case of Ellis W. Felker, who was executed in 1996, were inconclusive."; accessed 26 May 2017 11. ^{{cite web|title=Part I: History of the Death Penalty|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty#early|publisher=Death Penalty Information Center|accessdate=27 October 2013}} 12. ^Jim Iovino, "Facts About Virginia's Death Row", NBC, 10 November 2009. 13. ^Eric W. Rise, "Race, Rape, and Radicalism: The Case of the Martinsville Seven, 1949–1951", Journal of Southern History, LVIII(3), August 1992; accessed via JStor. External links
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