“Chantal Biya”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chantal Biya ({{née|Chantal Pulchérie Vigouroux}}, born December 4, 1969) is the First Lady of Cameroon.

Biography

Early life

Chantal Biya was born in Dimako, East Province, Cameroon.^[1] Her father was French expatriate Georges Vigouroux and her mother, Miss Doumé pageant winner Rosette Ndongo Mengolo. Her mother was elected Mayor of Bangou following the July 2007 municipal elections.^[2]

Personal life

She married 37-years older President Paul Biya on 23 April 1994, after his first wife, Jeanne-Irène Biya, died in 1992.^[4]^[5]

She is well known for her hairstyles.^[5]^[6] Her signature style is called the banane, and is used for formal occasions.^[7] Biya has popularised other styles; collectively, they are known as the Chantal Biya.^[8] She is also known because of her exotic wardrobe. Among her favourite designers are high-end Western labels such as Chanel and Dior.^[5]

Philanthropy

She established the {{lang|fr|Fondation Chantal Biya}} in 1994,^[9] and hosted the inaugural First Ladies Summit in Yaoundé in 1996;^[10] the Jeunesse active pour Chantal Biya is an organ of her husband's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement.^[11]

Bertrand Teyou

In November 2010, Bertrand Teyou published a book titled {{lang|fr|La belle de la république bananière{{nbsp}}: Chantal{{nbsp}}Biya, de la rue au palais}} (English: "The belle of the banana republic: Chantal{{nbsp}}Biya, from the streets to the palace"),^[12] tracing Biya's rise from humble origins to become First Lady.^[5]^[13] He was subsequently given a two-year prison term on charges of "insult to character" and organising an "illegal demonstration" for attempting to hold a public reading.^[5]^[13] Amnesty International and PEN International’s Writers in Prison Committee both protested his arrest and issued appeals on his behalf; Amnesty International also named him a prisoner of conscience.^[13]^[14] He was freed in April 2011 when a well wisher agreed to pay his fine in order that he might seek treatment for his worsening health.^[15]

References

1. ^{{Harvp|G’nowa|2008}}.
2. ^{{Harvp|F.|2007}}.
3. ^{{Harvp|Morikang|2008}}.
4. ^{{citation |url=http://www.presidentielle2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en |title=2004 Presidential elections: Paul Biya’s Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015344/http://www.presidentielle2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&module=bio&lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2007 |dead-url=yes |publisher=Republic of Cameroon |quote=Paul BIYA has been married since 23 April 1994 to Chantal BIYA, after the passing away of his first wife on 29 July 1992. |df=dmy-all }}
5. ^¹²³⁴{{Harvp|Lees|2014}}.
6. ^{{Harvp|Andrews-Dyer|2014}}.
7. ^{{Harvp|Nyamnjoh|Durham|Fokwang|2002|p=113}}
8. ^{{Harvp|Nyamnjoh|Durham|Fokwang|2002|p=117}}
9. ^{{citation |url=http://synergiesafricaines.org/partenaires-fcb.html |title=Fondation Chantal BIYA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612222912/http://synergiesafricaines.org/partenaires-fcb.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |dead-url=no |language=fr |trans-title=Chantal Biya Foundation |publisher=Synergies Africaines contre le SIDA et les Souffrances |location=Yaoundé, Cameroon |quote=Créée en 1994 par Madame Chantal BIYA, Epouse du Président de la République du Cameroun, la Fondation Chantal BIYA est une association humanitaire, apolitique, non confessionnelle et à but non lucratif |df=dmy-all }}.
10. ^{{Harvp|Ibrahim|2003|p=17}}.
11. ^{{Harvp|Ngwane|2004|p=17}}.
12. ^{{Harvp|Teyou|2010}}.
13. ^¹²{{Harvp|Mitchell|2011a}}.
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr17/001/2011/en/ |title=Urgent Action: Cameroonian writer held in harsh conditions |date=12 April 2011 |publisher=Amnesty International |format=PDF |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^{{Harvp|Mitchell|2011b}}.

Bibliography

{{citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/reliable-source/wp/2014/08/04/the-first-lady-of-cameroon-and-her-hair-have-touched-down-in-d-c/ |title=The first lady of Cameroon and her hair have touched down in D.C. |work=The Washington Post |date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://webcitation.org/query?date=2015-12-06&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Freliable-source%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F04%2Fthe-first-lady-of-cameroon-and-her-hair-have-touched-down-in-d-c%2F# |archive-date=6 December 2015 |dead-url=no |last=Andrews-Dyer |first=Helena |series=Reliable Source |access-date=6 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}.

Dorall, Charyl, ed. (2004). Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2003. Commonwealth Secretariat.

{{citation |url=http://www.quotidienmutations.info/mutations/aout/1186041292.php |title=Bangou : La mère de Chantal Biya élue maire |work=Quotidien Mutations |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208060018/http://www.quotidienmutations.info/mutations/aout/1186041292.php |archive-date=8 February 2012 |dead-url=yes |last=F. |first=M. |language=fr |trans-title=Bangou: Chantal Biya’s mother elected mayor |publisher=South Media Corporation |location=Yaoundé, Cameroon |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=http://www.cameroun-online.com/actualite,actu-4344.html |title=L’unique fille de Paul Biya fait ses études primaires en Suisse |work=Cameroun Online |date=19 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926185233/http://www.cameroun-online.com/actualite%2Cactu-4344.html |archive-date=26 September 2008 |dead-url=yes |last=G’nowa |first=Hermann Oswald |language=fr |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=codesria.org/IMG/pdf/Ibrahim.pdf |title=Democratic Transition in Anglophone West Africa |year=2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214019/http://codesria.org/Links/Publications/monographs/Ibrahim.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007 |dead-url=no |last=Ibrahim |first=Jibrin |publisher=CODESRIA |location=Dakar, Senegal |series=Monograph |isbn=978-2-86978-122-1 |lccn=2006406193 |oclc=55051309 |ol=8986042M |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kevin-a-lees/the-story-behind-the-hair-chantal-biya_b_5657031.html |title=The Story Behind the Hair: Contemporary, Repressive Cameroon |work=The Huffington Post |year=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092534/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kevin-a-lees/the-story-behind-the-hair-chantal-biya_b_5657031.html |archive-date=6 July 2015 |dead-url=no |last=Lees |first=Kevin A. |oclc=268958614 |df=dmy-all }}

{{citation |url=http://www.pen-international.org/newsitems/cameroon-author-jailed-for-insulting-president’s-wife/ |title=Writers in Prison Committee: Cameroon: Author jailed for insulting President’s wife |date=2011a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206182805/http://www.pen-international.org/newsitems/cameroon-author-jailed-for-insulting-president%E2%80%99s-wife/ |archive-date=6 December 2015 |dead-url=no |last=Mitchell |first=Tamsin |publisher=PEN International |location=London, England |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=http://www.pen-international.org/newsitems/cameroon-author-jailed-for-insult-released/ |title=Writers in Prison Committee: Cameroon: Author Jailed for Insult Released |date=2011b |publisher=PEN International |archive-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215052755/http://www.pen-international.org/newsitems/cameroon-author-jailed-for-insult-released/ |dead-url=no |last=Mitchell |first=Tamsin |location=London, England |quote=PEN International welcomes the release of author Bertrand Teyou on 29 April 2011 after almost six months in prison for allegedly insulting the President’s wife in a book he published {{bracket|in 2010}}. . . . Teyou was freed from New Bell prison in Douala on 19 April 2011 after a well‑wisher paid the fine |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805060838.html |title=Cameroon: Revisiting the Extraordinary Life of Chantal Biya |work=Cameroon Tribune |year=2008 |last=Morikang |first=Tche Irene |publisher=Cameroon Tribune |via=AllAfrica |subscription=yes |quote=From her birth in Dimako, through her life as an adolescent in {{bracket|Yaoundé}} . . .}}

{{citation |url=http://www.gngwane.com/files/cameroons_democratic_process.pdf |title=Cameroon’s Democratic Process: Vision 2020 |work=CODESRIA Bulletin |year=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205204115/http://www.gngwane.com/files/cameroons_democratic_process.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2012 |dead-url=no |last=Ngwane |first=Mwalimu George |publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa |location=Dakar, Senegal |issue=3/4 |format=PDF |issn=0850-8712 |oclc=774525259 |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |url=http://www.nyamnjoh.com/files/nyamnjoh_etal.pdf |title=The Domestication of Hair and Modernised Consciousness in Cameroon: A Critique in the Context of Globalisation |work=Identity, Culture and Politics: An Afro‑Asian Dialogue |year=2002 |pages=98–124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221205430/http://www.nyamnjoh.com/files/nyamnjoh_etal.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2006 |dead-url=no |last=Nyamnjoh |first=Francis B. |last2=Durham |first2=Deborah |last3=Fokwang |first3=Jude D. |volume=3 |issue=2 |format=PDF |issn=0851-2914 |oclc=774633458 |df=dmy-all }}.

{{citation |title=La belle de la république bananière : Chantal Biya, de la rue au palais |date=2010 |last=Teyou |first=Bertrand |language=fr |trans-title=The belle of the banana republic: Chantal Biya, from the streets to the palace |publisher=Nation libre |location=Douala, Cameroon |lccn=2011342343 |oclc=707023206 |ol=24833906M}}.