| 词条 | Chitō-ryū | |||||||
| 释义 |
| logo =Chitō-ryū logo.gif | logocaption = | logosize = 200px | image = Osensei-kamae m.jpg | imagecaption = Tsuyoshi Chitose in Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia | imagesize = | name = Chitō-ryū Karate (千唐流空手) | country = Japan | creator = Tsuyoshi Chitose | parenthood = indigenous martial arts of the Ryūkyū Islands (Naha-te, Shuri-te, Tomari-te) }}{{Nihongo|Chitō-ryū|千唐流|}} is a style of karate founded by {{Nihongo|Tsuyoshi Chitose|千歳 强直|Chitose Tsuyoshi}}, (1898-1984). The name of the style translates as: chi (千) - 1,000; tō (唐) - China; ryū (流) - style, school, "1,000 year old Chinese style." The character tō (唐) refers to the Tang Dynasty of China. The style was officially founded in 1946.[1] Chitō-ryū is generally classified as a Japanese style because Chitose formulated and founded Chitō-ryū principally while living in Kumamoto, Japan. However, some modern practitioners[2][3][4][5] feel it is better categorized as an Okinawan style given that its roots and techniques are firmly grounded in and derived from traditional Okinawan Tōde (唐手). This belief is warranted since the style's founder, Tsuyoshi Chitose, received first the rank of Judan, in 1958,[6] and then the rank of Hanshi, in 1968,[7] from the Zen Okinawa Karate Kobudo Rengo Kai (All Okinawa Union of Karate-do and Kobu-do). Founder{{nihongo|Tsuyoshi Chitose|千歳 剛直|Chitose Tsuyoshi}} (Okinawan: Chinen) was born on October 18, 1898 in the town of Kumochi, Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture.[1] He came from a martial arts lineage—his maternal grandfather was {{nihongo|Matsumura Sōkon|松村 宗棍}}. While in Okinawa, Chitose grew up studying the art of {{nihongo|karate|唐手|Tang hand}}, now written {{nihongo|空手|empty hand}}, as well as kobudō.[1] In 1921, he moved to mainland Japan to study medicine.[1] Chitose developed Chitō-ryū using his understanding of physiology to adjust traditional techniques to make them both more effective and less detrimental to the bodies of long-term practitioners.[8] Chitose died in 1984 at the age of 86.[1]Chitose created Chitō-ryū by combining the strength techniques from Shuri-te (see also Shōrin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū), with those of Naha-te.[8] While present, the influence of Tomari-te is less than that of the two previously mentioned foundation styles.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Teachers
Chitose began his training in Tote, under Aragaki Seishō in 1905. He was seven years old and continued to train with Seisho until 1913/1914. While there is some discrepancy as to whether Chitose's first kata was Sanchin or Seisan, his book "Kenpō Karate-dō" states that he learned Sanchin from Aragaki for seven years before being taught another. Also attributed to his training with Aragaki Seishō are the kata Unshu, Seisan, Niseishi, and possibly Shihōhai. Aragaki was also a famous weapons master, leaving behind several bo and sai kata including Aragaki-no-kun, Aragaki-no-sai and Sesoku-no-kun. One of Aragaki's most famous students was Higaonna Kanryō, a major influence of the Gōju-ryū style who was also one of Chitose's primary teachers.
Signature aspects{{Original research section|date=June 2011}}Signature aspects of Chitō-ryū include an emphasis on {{Nihongo|kime|きめ|}}—a contraction of the muscles in the lower part of the body to generate additional strength and stability in stances. The use of {{Nihongo|shibori|絞り|"to squeeze"}}—twisting contraction of the muscles in a specific area (often the arms) aimed at generating strength; rapid rotational movements; and frequent use of movement off the line of attack—{{nihongo|tai sabaki|体捌き}}—at advanced levels are also important. Kata{{Original research section|date=June 2011}}The kata of Chitō-ryū are very concise and they reflect the unique and diverse training experiences of the founder. Many Chitō-ryū kata bear the same name as other traditional Okinawan kata, but the kata itself is typically very different from the original or standard version. Some of these kata may have only one or two signature moves that relate it to the original, and in other cases the kata are completely different except in name. There are some exceptions to this; Chitō-ryū versions of Seisan, Passai and Chintō are nearly identical to the original Shōrin-ryū forms as taught by Chōtoku Kyan. Overall, the higher-level kata of Chitō-ryū show a decisively strong Chinese influence compared to other Karate systems. Additionally, outside and above of the standard syllabus are kata such as Unsu and Hoen which are very fluid complex kata that are undoubtedly derived from a strong Chinese martial arts influence. Shihōhai{{Nihongo|Shihōhai|四方拝|"four-direction salute"}} is a kata peculiar to Chitō-ryū. There is some dispute as to the origin of this kata in the Chitō-ryū syllabus, some sources{{Which|date=June 2011}} claim the kata comes from Chitose's first teacher, Aragaki Seishō. Chitose's own book, "Kempō Karate-dō" states that he learned this kata from Hanashiro Chōmo at Sōgen-ji. Historically, it has been handed down from Chitose that this kata was used in the royal ceremonies of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The "salutation to all four sides" was of great significance during these ceremonies. Some Chitō-ryū groups practice an extended {{Nihongo|dai|大}} version that contains a few additional techniques. Ryūsei Karate-do also includes a version of Shihōhai.[10]NiseishiThe version of {{Nihongo|Niseishi|二十四歩|"twenty-four steps"}} {{Nihongo|shō|小|"small"}} or {{Nihongo|dai|大|"large"}} found in Chitō-ryū is unlike other versions of Niseishi. The kata actually bears a closer resemblance to a Fujian White Crane form called Hakutsuru.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} There are two versions of this kata in the Chitō-ryū syllabus, a {{Nihongo|shō|小|"small"}} form and a {{Nihongo|dai|大|"large"}} form. The dai version contains an additional sequence of movements not found in the shō version, but otherwise the kata are identical. The origins of the kata are credited to Chitose's first teacher, Aragaki Seishō. Niseishi is commonly used in preparation for training in Sanchin kata. Chitose also made modifications to the breathing techniques in the kata. There is a set of eleven Niseishi {{Nihongo|kaisetsu|解説|"explanation"}} techniques which are drawn from movements in the kata and are executed with a partner. These kaisetsu cover a variety of techniques including striking, kansetsu-waza (joint locking), kyūsho-waza (pressure point techniques) and take-downs. Seisan{{Nihongo|Seisan|正整|"correct arrangement"}} is a kata found in both Naha-te and Shuri-te lineages. The Chitō-ryū version most resembles the Shuri-te version passed on by Chōtoku Kyan. The kanji used in Chitō-ryū translates as: sei (正) - "correct"; san (整) - "arrangement or position". Traditionally, however, the kanji used for Seisan is 十三, or "thirteen". Seisan is possibly one of the oldest kata in Okinawa.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Although not practiced in every style, Seisan appears in all three major Karate lineages in Okinawa--Shōrin-ryū, Gojū-ryū and Uechi-ryū.Bassai{{Nihongo|Bassai|抜塞}} One of the most common kata in the Shōrin-ryū lineages, this kata is traditionally said to have originated with Sōkon Matsumura.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The kanji used for Bassai are batsu (抜) - "to extract or remove"; sai (塞) - "close, shut, or cover". The accepted translation used for Bassai is "To Storm a Fortress".{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Although nothing in the two kanji translates to fortress, the character sai (塞) is used as part of words for fortress or stronghold, as in {{Nihongo|bōsai|防塞|"fort"}}. According to Chitose's book, "Kempō Karate-dō", he learned Bassai from Chōtoku Kyan. Chitō-ryū Bassai closely resembles Matsubayashi-ryū Passai as well as Seibukan Bassai, which are other styles in the Kyan/Arakaki lineage. Kyan learned his Bassai from a Tomari village master named Oyadomari Kokan. The version practiced by Chitō-ryū is very similar to the Oyadomari Bassai.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Although Chitō-ryū Bassai is from Tomari village, it bears a striking resemblance to the Shuri versions of Bassai (the Bassai-dai from Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, and Shuri-ryū) are examples of the Shuri Bassai).{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} The main difference between the Shuri version and the Tomari version are that the Shuri versions are done primarily with closed fists, while the Tomari versions are primarily open handed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}Chintō{{Nihongo|Chintō|鎮東}} is another kata common to the Shōrin-ryū lineages. It includes jumping, jumping kicks and intricate hand techniques. The Chitō-ryū version is done in a north-south pattern, unlike many other versions of Shōrin-ryū Chintō which are done at a north-west to south-east pattern.SōchinWhile sharing a name with kata from other styles, the Chitō-ryū version of {{Nihongo|Sōchin|荘鎮}} is completely different and seems to be Chitose's own creation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Distinctive elements of the Chitō-ryū version include defense and attack to all four sides and the bull like posture with the arms. Rōhai{{Nihongo|Rōhai|鷺牌}} {{Nihongo|shō|小|"small"}} or {{Nihongo|dai|大|"large"}} in Chitō-ryū is a kata completely different from those in other styles, and it seems to be Chitose's own creation. It borrows from Fujian White Crane with movements similar to the Chitō-ryū Niseishi. It is a mix of closed fisted and open handed techniques with a one-kneed stance at the very beginning.Tenshin{{Nihongo|Tenshin|転身}} is a complex kata with many twisting, dodging movements and complex timings. It is unique to the style in both name and form and is not found outside of Chitō-ryū derived styles. It was probably created by Chitose and doesn't seem derived from other kata.SanshiryuThe name of the kata {{Nihongo|Sanshiryu|三十六歩|"thirty-six steps"}} is pronounced irregularly. The pronunciation seems to be based on the Mandarin Chinese (三十六 sānshíliù). It seems, from comparing this kata to kata from other styles, that this is a version of the Shōrin-ryū lineage Gojūshiho (54 steps), which can be found in Shitō-ryū, or various Shōrin-ryū styles.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} It may be simply a shortened version of this kata. KusankuThe opening of the Chitō-ryū version of {{Nihongo|Kusanku|公相君}} is nearly identical to the opening of the classical Shōrin-ryū versions found in other lineages. However, after these initial moves, the kata departs drastically. There are two versions that are commonly practiced, the sho and dai versions. The dai version doubles the length of the kata. Ryūsan{{Nihongo|Ryūsan|龍山|"Dragon mountain"}} is meant to mean "dragon climbing the mountain".{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} It is not found in any other styles of karate outside of Chitō-ryū (except for Patrick McCarthy's Koryū style, but there is debate about where his kata comes from).{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} It is completely open handed from beginning to end with stabbing fingers, ridge hand and knife-edge blocks and palm strikes. The stance transitions are complex with the trailing leg sometimes pulling up and creating a shorter seisan-dachi, which is unlike other kata in the style. There is a signature movement in the middle of the kata where the karateka stands on one leg, thrusts one hand straight up and one hand straight down, and then switches legs and hands. It is this movement that gives the kata its name.SanchinLike Niseishi, {{Nihongo|Sanchin|三戦|"Three battles"}} is a very old kata that is also generally acknowledged as originating in southern China from the Fujian White Crane style of martial art. In Chinese styles this form is practiced with the use of open hands throughout, while in Chitō-ryū there is significant use of closed hands (fist). Ideally, it is supposed to take no less than seven minutes to perform properly and focuses on highly developed use of breathing techniques and shime. In Chitō-ryū, Sanchin is generally considered a senior dan kata, and is usually only required at levels above yondan. Kihon Kata
Bunkai
Additional Kata
Kobudō kata associated with Chitō-ryū
Chitō-ryū crest{{Original research section|date=June 2011}}The Chitō-ryū crest is an identifiable symbol, often worn by Chitō-ryū practitioners regardless of affiliation as a badge. The design was based on the original crest of the {{Nihongo|Japan Karatedo Federation|財団法人 全日本空手道連盟|Zaidan Hōjin Zen Nippon Karate-dō Renmei}} founded by Toyama Kanken, of which Chitō-ryū is a member.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} There are four main parts to the Chitō-ryū crest:
ShōwaShōwa (唱和) is the code of Chitō-ryū practitioners. It is often recited at the beginning & end of classes.
Chitō-ryū around the world{{Refimprove section|date=June 2011}}CanadaChitō-ryū is a popular mainstream karate style in Canada. There are almost 60 Chito-ryū dojo in 8 of Canada's 10 provinces. Chitose first visited Canada in 1967, accompanied by protégé Mamoru Yamamoto (who would later go on to found Yōshūkai Karate-dō). This trip was organized by Masami Tsuruoka, recognized as the father of Canadian karate by Black Belt Magazine,[13] who was then head of Chitō-ryū in Canada. During this trip, Chitose presided over events at the Canadian National Karate Tournament in Toronto and conducted clinics at dōjō across Canada. The current head of the Chitō-ryū style, the son of Chitose, continued this practice, conducting clinics in Canada for Chitō-ryū practitioners approximately every other year.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} However, in 2008, a rift occurred between the Canadian Chito-ryū Karate-dō Association[14] and the Japanese parent organization. The result was that the Canadian association and approximately three quarters of the Canadian dōjō agreed to separate from Japan and became independent. Dōjō in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia remain associated with the parent organization in Japan.[15] The Canadian Chitō-ryū Karate-dō Association is now an independent organization headed by Shane Higashi,[16] who formerly held the titles {{Nihongo|Kyōshi|教士|}} and the Vice {{Nihongo|Sō-honbuchō|総本部長|}} for Chitō-ryū.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Higashi was recently awarded the title of {{Nihongo|Hanshi|範士|}} and {{Nihongo|9th dan|九段|}}.[17] Higashi studied under Masami Tsuruoka, becoming his first black belt student, and also briefly lived with and studied under Chitō-ryū founder Chitose. Higashi and Tsuruoka were inducted into the Canadian Black Belt Hall of Fame in 2007 and 2006, respectively.[18] The others, who chose to remain loyal to the Japanese parent organization, formed the new organization Chito Ryu Canada ICKF. Chris Taneda, Kyoshi and 7th Dan, is their most senior instructor. AustraliaThe International Chito-Ryu Karate-do Federation of Australia (ICKFA) is the governing association for Chitō-ryū dōjō in Australia. Chitō-ryū was introduced to Australia by Vance Prince in 1969, after studying in Toronto, Ontario, Canada under Shane Higashi. [19] He trained for three months in Kumamoto, Japan under Tsuyoshi Chitose.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} His first dōjō was the North Sydney Leagues Club.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Over the next six years Prince trained and qualified six black belt students, who went on to establish clubs throughout Australia.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Prince was also a founding member of the Federation Of Australia Karate-Do Organisations. In the late 1970s Bill Ker was appointed President and {{Nihongo|honbuchō|本部長|}} for Chitō-ryū in Australia.[19] He later gained the rank of {{Nihongo|4th dan|四段|}}. In 1991 Ker retired from active involvement in Chitō-ryū. Upon his retirement, Brian Hayes was appointed President and honbucho by Chitose. In November 2004, Michael Noonan was appointed to represent Chitose and the ICKF in Australia as honbucho.[19] Noonan currently teaches at the Tasseikan dōjō in Sydney and has been granted the rank of {{Nihongo|7th dan|七段|}} and {{Nihongo|Renshi|錬士|"instructor"}}. [20]United States of AmericaUnited States Chitō-ryū Karate FederationThe United States Chitō-ryū Karate Federation is an independent non-profit federation of Chitō-ryū dōjō in the United States.[21] It was established by William J. and Barbara E. Dometrich. The hombu-dōjō is located in Covington, Kentucky.[21] U.S.A. Yoshukai Karate AssociationThe U.S.A. Yoshukai Karate Association is a karate association headed by Michael G. Foster. Yoshukai is a Japanese karate style adapted from Chitō-ryū by Mamoru Yamamoto.[22] Foster was originally named the Director of the U.S.A. Yoshukai Karate Association in 1966 by Mamoru Yamamoto, when it was affiliated with the United States Chitō-ryū Karate Federation. In this capacity, Foster established and headed a number of karate schools which were then part of the United States Chitō-ryū Karate Federation. The dōjō became independent Yoshukai schools 1971.[23] Koshin-ha Chitō-ryū Karate AssociationThe Koshin-ha Chitō-ryū Karate-do Association was formed in 2004 by several senior ranking American Chitō-ryū practitioners.[24] Unlike many martial arts organizations run by a single person, the Koshin-ha is governed by two groups of individuals: senior practitioners (known collectively as the Shihan-kai), and dōjō chief instructors (known collectively as the Shibu-kai).[24] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web| publisher = Chito-Ryu Karate (Sohonbu Office)| title = What is Chito-Ryu karate? History ..| url = http://www.chitoryu.co.jp/en/what01.html| accessdate = July 4, 2001| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070129132735/http://www.chitoryu.co.jp/en/what01.html| archivedate = January 29, 2007| df = }} 2. ^{{Cite web | last = Davenport | first = James l. | title = Okinawan Martial Arts Founders/Seniors | publisher = Kentucky Budokan | url = http://chitoryu.com/okinawan.htm | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 3. ^{{Cite web | last = G. Buret, Ph.D. | first = Andre | title = History of Chito Ryu Katas | publisher = Calgary Chito Ryu Karate Club | url = http://www.calgarychitoryu.com/history.html | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 4. ^{{Cite web | title = Chito-Ryu Karate | publisher = Rochester Chito-Ryu Karate | url = http://rochesterchitoryu.com/chito.htm | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 5. ^{{Cite web | last = Higashi | first = Shane | title = Chito-Ryu History | publisher = Ontario Chito-ryu | url = http://www.ontario.chitoryu.ca/Higashi/history. | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 6. ^{{cite web| title = Tsuyoshi Chitose| url = http://i-budo.org/content/view/996/9/| publisher = The International Budo Institute| accessdate = July 4, 2011| quote = In 1958 O-Sensei attained the rank of Judan from Zen Okinawa Karate Kobudo Rengo Kai (The all Okinawa Karate and Weaponry association).}} 7. ^{{cite web| publisher= Australia Chitokai Karate Association Inc | title = The History of Chitokai| url = http://www.chitokai.com.au/index.jsp?target=topic&topic=17| quote = In 1968, O'Sensei attained the rank of Hanshi, the highest degree of martial arts recognition, from the All Okinawa Union of Karate-Do and Kobu-Do ( Zen Okinawa Karate Kobudo Rengo Kai). | accessdate = July 4, 2011 }} 8. ^1 {{cite web | publisher = Australia Chitokai Karate Association Inc. | title = The History Of Chitokai, Dr. Tsuyoshi Chitose| url = http://www.chitokai.com.au/index.jsp?target=topic&topic=17| accessdate = March 21, 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ikkf.org/Chinen.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505005410/http://www.ikkf.org/Chinen.html |archivedate=May 5, 2010 }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ryusei-karate.com/english/newsletters/shihohai.html|title=Ryusei Karate-Do|website=Ryusei-karate.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://chitouryu.ninpou.jp/|title=国際千唐流空手道連盟|website=Chitouryu.ninpou.jp|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbchitoryu.com/showa.html|title=New Brunswick Chito-Ryu Karate - Showa|website=Nbchitoryu.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 13. ^{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=%22Masami+Tsuruoka%22+-inpublisher:icon&as_brr=3&ei=gmJGTN70BYmqNtH5yM4N&cd=4#v=onepage&q&f=true|title=Black Belt Magazine|date=Mar 1965|page=28|format=Digitized online by Google books|accessdate=2011-06-14}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chitoryu.ca|title=Canadian Chito-Ryu Karate-Do Association – National association of Chito-Ryu Karate-Do in Canada|website=Chitoryu.ca|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 15. ^{{Cite web | title = ICKF Chito Ryu Dojo in Canada | publisher = Chito Ryu Canada ICKF | url = http://www.ryusan.com/cmsimple/?Canadian_Dojo | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ontario.chitoryu.ca/Higashi/bio.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717142416/http://www.ontario.chitoryu.ca/Higashi/bio.html |archivedate=July 17, 2010 }} 17. ^{{Cite web | title = Shane Higashi | publisher = Chito Ryu Association of Ontario | url = http://ontariochitoryu.com/?page_id=113 | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 18. ^{{Cite web | title = INDUCTEES | publisher = Canadian Black Belt Hall of Fame | url = http://www.canadianblackbelthalloffame.com/inductees.html | accessdate = June 14, 2011}} 19. ^1 2 {{cite web|title = Chito-Ryu in Australia|url = http://www.karate.org.au/about/index.php?pg=australia|accessdate = July 4, 2011|quote = Chito-Ryu was introduced to Australia by Vance Prince then 4th Dan (and student of Higashi, the current honbucho in Canada) in the 1960's. }} 20. ^{{cite web| title = About the Institute| publisher = The Australian Institute of Karate| url = http://karateinstitute.com.au/about.php| quote = Mike has achieved the rank of 6th Degree Black Belt and the title of Renshi (Master Teacher). | accessdate = July 4, 2011}} 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.chito-ryu.com/index2.html|title=United States Chito-ryu Karate-do Federation Index|website=Chito-ryu.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.yoshukaialliance.com/html/YoshukaiKarateHistory.html|title=Yoshukai Karate Alliance|website=Yoshukaialliance.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theyoshukaikarate.com/History.htm|title=History|website=Theyoshukaikarate.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}} 24. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.koshinhachitoryu.org/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=March 26, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424072141/http://www.koshinhachitoryu.org/ |archivedate=April 24, 2006 }} Bibliography
External links{{External links|date=April 2016}}Chitō-ryū organizations
Independent Chitō-ryū organizations
Other articles
4 : Karate|Japanese karate|Okinawan karate|Traditional karate |
|||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。