| 词条 | Bushel | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Bushel | image = | caption = Queensland Government Standard Imperial Bushel. Queensland Museum | standard = imperial and US customary | quantity = volume | symbol = bsh | symbol2 = bu | units_imp1 = imperial units | inunits_imp1 = {{val|8|ul=dry gallon}} | units_imp2 = metric units | inunits_imp2 = {{val|36.36872|ul=L}} | units_imp3 = US dry units | inunits_imp3 = {{val|8.2565|u=gal}} | units_imp4 = imperial/US units | inunits_imp4 = {{val|2219.36|ul=cuin}} | units_us1 = US dry units | inunits_us1 = {{val|8|u=dry gallon}} | units_us2 = metric units | inunits_us2 = {{val|35.2391|u=L}} | units_us3 = imperial units | inunits_us3 = {{val|7.7515|u=gal}} | units_us4 = imperial/US units | inunits_us4 = {{val|2150.42|u=cuin}} }} A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of weight or mass based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity. The old bushel was equal to 2 kennings (obsolete), 4 pecks or 8 dry gallons and was used mostly for agricultural products such as wheat. In modern usage, the volume is nominal, with bushels denoting a mass defined differently for each commodity. The name "bushel" is also used to translate similar units in other measurement systems. {{anchor|Etymology}}NameThe name comes from the Old French {{lang|fr|boissiel}} and {{lang|fr|buissiel}}, meaning "little box".[1] It may further derive from Old French {{lang|fr|boise}}, thus meaning "little butt".[1] {{anchor|London bushel}}History{{refimprove section|date=August 2018}}The bushel is an intermediate value between the pound and ton or tun that was introduced to England following the Norman Conquest. Norman statutes made the London bushel part of the legal measure of English wine, ale, and grains. The Assize of Bread and Ale credited to Henry III, {{circa|lk=no|1266}}, defined this bushel in terms of the wine gallon,[2] while the {{circa|lk=no|1300}} Assize of Weights and Measures usually credited to Edward I or II defined the London bushel in terms of the larger corn gallon.[3] In either case, the bushel was reckoned to contain 64 pounds of 12 ounces of 20 pence of 32 grains. These measures were based on the relatively light tower pound and were rarely used in Scotland, Ireland, or Wales during the Middle Ages. When the Tower system was abolished in the 16th century, the bushel was redefined as 56 avoirdupois pounds. {{anchor|Imperial bushel}}The imperial bushel established by the Weights and Measures Act of 1824 described the bushel as the volume of 80 avoirdupois pounds of distilled water in air at {{convert|62|F|abbr=on}}{{fact|date=August 2015}} or 8 imperial gallons.[1] This is the bushel in some use in the United Kingdom. Thus, there is no distinction between liquid and dry measure in the imperial system.{{who says|date=August 2018}} {{anchor|Winchester bushel|US bushel}}The Winchester bushel was the volume of a cylinder {{convert|18.5|in|cm|2|abbr=on}} in diameter and {{convert|8|in|cm|2|abbr=on}} high, which gives an irrational number of cubic inches.{{fact|date=August 2018}} The modern American or US bushel is a variant of this, rounded to exactly 2150.42 cubic inches, less than one part per ten million less.{{fact|date=August 2018}} It is also somewhat in use in Canada.{{fact|date=August 2018}} Volume
WeightBushels are now most often used as units of mass or weight rather than of volume. The bushels in which grains are bought and sold on commodity markets or at local grain elevators, and for reports of grain production, are all units of weight.[4] This is done by assigning a standard weight to each commodity that is to be measured in bushels. These bushels depend on the commodities being measured, and on the moisture content of the commodity. Some of the more common ones are:
Other specific values are defined (and those definitions may vary within different jurisdictions, including from state to state in the United States) for other grains, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, coal, hair and many other commodities. Government policy in the United States is to phase out units such as the bushel and replace them with metric mass equivalents.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Other units{{anchor|German bushel|Scheffel}}The German bushel was the {{lang|de|Scheffel}}. {{anchor|Polish unit|Korzec}}The Polish bushel ({{lang|pl|korzec}}) was used as measure of dry capacity. It was divided into 4 quarters ({{lang|pl|ćwierć}}) and in the early 19th century had a value of 128 litres in Warsaw[7] and 501.116 litres in Kraków.[8] {{anchor|Spanish bushel}}The Spanish bushel ({{lang|es|fanega}}) was used as a measure of dry capacity. It was roughly equal to 55.5 litres in Castille. See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Citation |contribution=bushel, n.1 |title=Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. |date=1888 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}. 2. ^{{Citation |editor-last=Ruffhead |editor-first=Owen |editor-link=Owen Ruffhead |title=The Statutes at Large |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ |volume=Vol. I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time |location=London |publisher=Mark Basket for the Crown |date=1763 |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 22] }}. {{en icon}} & {{la icon}} 3. ^{{Citation |editor-last=Ruffhead |editor-first=Owen |editor-link=Owen Ruffhead |title=The Statutes at Large |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ |volume=Vol. I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time |location=London |publisher=Mark Basket for the Crown |date=1763a |pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 148–149] }}. {{en icon}} & {{la icon}} & {{nrf icon}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://extension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/crops/g04020.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525150336/http://extension.missouri.edu/xplor/agguides/crops/g04020.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 May 2007 |title=Tables for Weights and Measurement: Crops |author=William J. Murphy |publisher=University of Missouri Extension |accessdate=18 December 2008 |df= }} 5. ^Marketing Oats in Canada http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/sis10952 6. ^[https://purr.purdue.edu/publications/1600/serve/1/3332?el=3&download=1 |purdue.edu pdf with equation for moisture] 7. ^{{Citation |last=Alexander |first=John Henry |contribution=Weight and Measure Systems: Warsaw |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3sXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152 |pp=151–152 |title=Universal Dictionary of Weights and Measures, Ancient and Modern; Reduced to the Standards of the United States of America |location=Baltimore |publisher=John D. Tot for Wm. Minifie & Co. |date=1850 }}. 8. ^{{Citation |last=Rykaczewski |first=Erazm |contribution=Korzec |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ao1HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA98 |p=98 |title=Dokładny Słownik Polsko-Anglielski i Anglielsko-Polski, Czerpany z Najlepszych Źrodeł Krajowych i Obcych |publisher=W. Księgarni b. Behra |location=Berlin |date=1851 }}. {{pl icon}} & {{en icon}} External links
4 : Units of volume|Imperial units|Customary units of measurement in the United States|Grain production |
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