“Bustard”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Description

Bustards are all fairly large with the two largest species, the kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) and the great bustard (Otis tarda), being frequently cited as the world's heaviest flying birds. In both the largest species, large males exceed a weight of {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, weigh around {{convert|13.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} on average and can attain a total length of {{convert|150|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The smallest species is the little brown bustard (Eupodotis humilis), which is around {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs around {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} on average. In most bustards, males are substantially larger than females, often about 30% longer and sometimes more than twice the weight. They are among the most sexually dimorphic groups of birds. In only the floricans is the sexual dimorphism reverse, with the adult female being slightly larger and heavier than the male.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The wings have 10 primaries and 16–24 secondary feathers. There are 18–20 feathers in the tail. The plumage is predominantly cryptic.^[1]

Behaviour and ecology

Bustards are omnivorous, feeding principally on seeds and invertebrates. They make their nests on the ground, making their eggs and offspring often very vulnerable to predation. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. Most prefer to run or walk over flying. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips, and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays, such as inflating throat sacs or elevating elaborate feathered crests. The female lays three to five dark, speckled eggs in a scrape in the ground, and incubates them alone.^[2]

Taxonomy

The family Otididae was introduced (as Otidia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815.^[3]^[4] Extinct species from the Paleofile.com website.^[5]

Status and conservation

Bustards are gregarious outside the breeding season, but are very wary and difficult to approach in the open habitats they prefer.^[9]

Most species are declining or endangered through habitat loss and hunting, even where they are nominally protected.

United Kingdom

The last bustard in Britain died in approximately 1832, but the bird is being reintroduced through batches of chicks imported from Russia.^[9]

In 2009, two great bustard chicks were hatched in Britain for the first time in more than 170 years.^[10] Reintroduced bustards also hatched chicks in 2010.^[11]

Floricans

Some Indian bustards are also called Floricans. The origin of the name is unclear. Thomas C. Jerdon writes in The Birds of India (1862)

Notes

1. ^¹del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1996) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|84-87334-20-2}}
2. ^{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Archibald, George W.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 98–99|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}
3. ^{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=French | page=70 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310148 }}
4. ^{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= Number 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=137, 252 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}
5. ^{{cite web | website=Paleofile.com (net, info)| url=http://www.paleofile.com/ | title=Taxonomic lists- Aves | accessdate=30 December 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web| website=John Boyd's website |last=Boyd|first=John|year=2007|title=Otididae |url=http://jboyd.net/Taxo/Otididae.pdf |accessdate= 30 December 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web |website=IOC World Bird List | version=v7.3 |url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/IOC_7.3_vs_other_lists.xlsx |title=Comparison of IOC 7.3 with other world lists | accessdate=30 December 2017}}
8. ^Macqueen's bustard has recently been split from the Houbara bustard as a full species.
9. ^¹Bota, G., J. Camprodon, S. Mañosa & M.B. Morales (Editores). (2005). Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds. Lynx Editions. Barcelona {{ISBN|84-87334-99-7}}; 978-84-87334-99-3.
10. ^Wildlife Extra 2009. The First Great Bustard chicks hatch in the UK for 177 years Wildlife Extra, June 2009.
11. ^Biodiversity Lab 2010. Reintroduced Great Bustards Breed Again The Biodiversity Lab, University of Bath.

References

Bota, Gerard, et al. Ecology and conservation of Steppe-Land birds. International Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land birds. Lynx Edicions 2005. 343 pages. {{ISBN|84-87334-99-7}}.

{{cite journal | last = Knox | first = Alan G. |author2=Martin Collinson |author3=Andreas J. Helbig |author4=David T. Parkin |author5=George Sangster |date=October 2002 | title = Taxonomic recommendations for British birds | journal = Ibis | volume = 144 | issue = 4 | pages = 707–710 | doi =10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x }}

{{cite book|last=Sibley|first=Charles G.|author2=Jon E. Ahlquist |title=Phylogeny and Classification of the Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution |year=1990|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-04085-2}}

{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=SJ | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1768 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal | last1=Jarvis | first1=Erich D | year=2014 | title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds | journal=Science | volume=346 | issue=6215 | pages=1320–1331 | doi=10.1126/science.1253451 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6215/1320.full |display-authors=etal | pmid=25504713 | pmc=4405904}}

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