“Bülent Ecevit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Mustafa Bülent Ecevit ({{IPA-tr|byˈlænt edʒeˈvit|lang}}; 28 May 1925 – 5 November 2006) was a Turkish politician, poet, writer, scholar, and journalist, who served as the Prime Minister of Turkey four times between 1974 and 2002. He served as prime minister of Turkey in 1974, 1977, 1978–79, and 1999–2002. He was the leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) between 1972 and 1980, and in 1989 he became the leader of the Democratic Left Party (DSP).

Personal life

He was born in Istanbul to a middle-class family. Ecevit's father Fahri Ecevit was a professor in Ankara University. His mother, Fatma Nazlı, was among the first women in Turkey to paint professionally.^[1] Ecevit said his mother was of Bosniak ancestry and his paternal grandfather was of Kurdish ancestry.^[2]^[3]

In 1944, Ecevit graduated from Robert College in Istanbul and started working as a translator at the General Directorate for Press and Publication (Turkish: Basın Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü). In 1946, shortly after marrying his classmate Rahşan Aral in 1946, he moved to London to work for Turkey's press attaché. During his stay in London, he studied Bengali, Sanskrit and Art History at the School of Oriental and African Studies, but did not graduate.^[4] He later went to the United States in the mid–1950s on a State Department fellowship, and worked at two newspapers in North Carolina.^[5]^[6]

Early political life

Ecevit was elected into the Turkish parliament for the first time in 1957. He was a Member of the Parliament between 1960 and 1961 during the 26th, 27th and 28th governments. Ecevit served as the Minister of Labour between 1961 and 1965, contributing to the acceptance of the right to strike and collective agreement. In 1966 he became the secretary general of the Republican People's Party ({{lang-tr|Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi}}, CHP). In 1971 he resigned from the post as a protest to the party decision to support the transitional government established by a military intervention.

Leader of CHP

In 1972, he succeeded İsmet İnönü as the leader of the party and became Prime Minister in a coalition with the National Salvation Party of Necmettin Erbakan (the 37th government of Turkey). This government is known for ordering the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July 1974. So he was nicknamed "Conqueror of Cyprus" (Turkish: "Kıbrıs Fatihi") by Turkish people after that successful operation.

Upon assuming the leadership of the CHP, Ecevit played a major role in redefining the party's political position in the centre-left (Turkish: Ortanın solu), which proved controversial. In the 1973 general election, the CHP won a plurality of the votes and seats in parliament. Despite the party's secular credentials, Ecevit formed a coalition with the Islamist National Salvation Party (MSP) headed by Necmettin Erbakan. Despite lasting only ten months, Ecevit's first government was responsible for the successful Turkish invasion of Cyprus, for which he is nicknamed the 'conqueror of Cyprus' (Turkish: Kıbrıs Fatihi). Despite winning an increased share of the votes and seats in the 1977 general election, Ecevit was unable to form a coalition and instead formed a minority government which lasted just one month. Justice Party leader Süleyman Demirel subsequently took over as Prime Minister and formed a three-party nationalist coalition. Ecevit's CHP was able to bring down Demirel's government by 1978, after which he became Prime Minister for a third time by forming a government supported by some independent MPs. Ecevit resigned as Prime Minister in 1979 following an election defeat in the 1979 senate elections.

Bülent Ecevit recalled that he learned for the first time of the existence of Operation Gladio, a secret "stay-behind" NATO army, in 1974. He has also said he suspected "Counter-Guerrilla", the Turkish branch of Gladio, of responsibility for the 1 May 1977 Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul, during which snipers fired on a protest rally of 500,000 citizens, killing 38 and injuring hundreds. CHP defeated AP in the 1977 general elections by gathering 41% of the votes (the election came just after the events of 1 May). But with 213 seats out of 450 Ecevit could not receive a vote of confidence (see 40th government of Turkey). In 1978 Ecevit formed his third government (42nd government of Turkey). However, after a defeat in by-elections in 1979, he resigned.

Leader of DSP

Following the 1980 coup led by General Kenan Evren, Ecevit was incarcerated and suspended from active politics for life along with the other political leaders of the time. A referendum in 1987 lifted his ban from politics, and he became the chairman of the Democratic Left Party ({{lang-tr|Demokratik Sol Parti}}, DSP), inheriting the position from his wife, Rahşan Ecevit. His party failed to enter the National Assembly at the 1987 national elections, and in spite of passing the electoral barrier in 1991 managed to win only 7 seats in parliament. DSP's fortunes changed after the 1995 elections, when the party won 75 seats (out of 550). After two short-lived governments (formed by Mesut Yılmaz and Necmettin Erbakan, respectively), Ecevit became a deputy prime minister in the last government of Mesut Yılmaz. In 1998–99 he was briefly the caretaker Prime Minister in the run-up to the 1999 general elections (56th government of Turkey). In those elections – also helped by the fact that Abdullah Öcalan, head of the separatist (PKK) was apprehended in Kenya and flown to Turkey during this period – Ecevit's party gained the largest number of seats, leading to Ecevit's final term as Prime Minister in a coalition with the Motherland Party ({{lang-tr|Anavatan Partisi}}, ANAP) of Mesut Yılmaz and the Nationalist Movement Party ({{lang-tr|Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi}}, MHP) of Devlet Bahçeli.

Ecevit's government undertook a number of reforms aimed at stabilizing the Turkish economy in preparation for accession negotiations with the European Union. Despite initial attempts to bring about economic reforms, an argument between Ecevit and President Ahmet Necdet Sezer in 2001 led to a financial crash due to the instability of both the government and the economic situation. The downfall of the government was also speculated to bring an end to an existing bailout package funded by the International Monetary Fund. Despite this, the government made swift progress in bringing about an economic recovery, spearheaded by the new Minister of Economic Affairs Kemal Derviş. Nevertheless, almost half of the DSP group in the parliament defected from the DSP to form İsmail Cem İpekçi's New Turkey Party (YTP). On the other hand, allegations of corruption, the economic crisis, as well as Ecevit's poor health made early elections unavoidable and the DSP faced an electoral wipeout in the 2002 general election, losing all of its MPs. Ecevit resigned as DSP leader in 2004.

As a poet and writer

Bülent Ecevit was not only a politician but also a poet and a writer. He translated works by Rabindranath Tagore, T. S. Eliot, and Bernard Lewis into Turkish. Ecevit, who also studied at the American Robert College, one of the most prestigious high schools in Istanbul, was successful in these literary endeavors despite never having graduated from a university, a fact that also prevented him from ever running for the Presidency of the Turkish Republic.

Death

Ecevit was hospitalized in Ankara and placed in a medically induced coma after suffering a cerebral hemorrhage on 18 May 2006, which struck him after he attended a friend's funeral. He died there from respiratory failure on 5 November 2006 at 20:40 (UTC), aged 81. He was buried in the Turkish State Cemetery ({{lang-tr|Devlet Mezarlığı}}) in Ankara in a state funeral on 11 November 2006. The funeral was attended by approximately a million people from all 81 provinces as well as politicians from Ukraine.^[7]

Works

Poetry

Political

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|last =Kinzer|first = Stephen|title =Bülent Ecevit, a Political Survivor Who Turned Turkey Toward the West, Is Dead at 81| page = 2| publisher = The New York Times| date = 6 November 2006|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/world/europe/06ecevit.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1|accessdate = 6 November 2006}}
2. ^Ercan Yavuz,{{cite web|url=http://www.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2004/08/04/politika/politika1.html |title="Kürt kökenli olabilirim" |accessdate=2008-08-22 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822133939/http://www.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2004/08/04/politika/politika1.html |archivedate=22 August 2008 |df=dmy }}, Akşam, 4 August 2004. {{Tr icon}}
3. ^Mahmut Çetin, Çinli Hoca'nın torunu Ecevit, Emre Yayınları, 2006, p. 18.
4. ^{{cite web|title=Siyasetin Şairi Karaoğlan|url=http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/ecevit/olmaz.asp|publisher=Hürriyet|accessdate=1 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218131435/http://dosyalar.hurriyet.com.tr/ecevit/olmaz.asp|archivedate=18 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^Aras Erdoğan, Umut Ecevit, Kesit, 2006, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=32fgTOzJNIW8vQP69fymDg&ct=result&id=c1JpAAAAMAAJ&dq=%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC+Efendi+Ecevit+K%C3%BCrt&q=+K%C3%BCrt#search_anchor p. 19.]
6. ^Altan Tan, Kürt Sorunu, Timaş, 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dWNsWUzD_s8C&pg=PA493 p. 493.]
7. ^Cevizoğlu, Hulki (11 November 2006), Kanaltürk Evening News.{{Verify source|date=October 2008}}

External links