词条 | Cadmium sulfide |
释义 |
| Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 476999857 | Name = Cadmium sulfide | ImageFileL1 = Hawleyite-3D-balls.png | ImageNameL1 = 3D model of the structure of hawleyite | ImageFileR1 = Greenockite-3D-balls.png | ImageNameR1 = 3D model of the structure of greenockite | ImageFile2 = Cadmium sulfide.jpg | OtherNames = Cadmium(II) sulfide, Greenockite Hawleyite |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 7969586 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 057EZR4Z7Q | InChI = 1/Cd.S/q+2;-2 | SMILES = [S-2].[Cd+2] | SMILES_Comment = monomer | SMILES1 = [SH+2]12[CdH2-2][SH+2]3[CdH2-2][SH+2]([CdH-2]14)[CdH-2]1[S+2]5([CdH-2]38)[Cd-2]26[SH+2]2[CdH-2]([S+2]4)[SH+2]1[CdH2-2][SH+2]3[CdH-2]2[S+2][CdH-2]([SH+2]6[CdH-2]([SH+2])[SH+2]68)[SH+2]([CdH2-2]6)[CdH-2]35 | SMILES1_Comment = hawleyite | SMILES2 = [CdH2-2]1[S+2]47[CdH-2]2[S+2][CdH-2]3[S+2]8([CdH2-2][SH+2]([CdH2-2]4)[CdH2-2]6)[CdH-2]4[S+2][CdH-2]5[S+2]6([CdH2-2]6)[Cd-2]78[S+2]78[CdH-2]([SH+2]69)[SH+2]5[CdH2-2][SH+2]4[CdH-2]7[SH+2]3[CdH2-2][SH+2]2[CdH-2]8[SH+2]1[CdH2-2]9 | SMILES2_Comment = greenockite | SMILES3 = [CdH2-2]1[SH+2]([CdH2-2]6)[CdH2-2][SH+2]7[CdH-2]2[S+2][Cd-2]3([S+2][CdH-2]9[S+2]5)[S+2]18[Cd-2]45[S+2][CdH-2]5[SH+2]6[Cd-2]78[S+2]78[CdH2-2][SH+2]5[CdH2-2][S+2]4([CdH2-2][SH+2]9[CdH2-2]4)[CdH-2]7[S+2]34[CdH2-2][SH+2]2[CdH2-2]8 | SMILES3_Comment = greenockite | InChIKey = FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYAL | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/Cd.S/q+2;-2 | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = FRLJSGOEGLARCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo = 1306-23-6 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | EINECS = 215-147-8 | RTECS = EV3150000 | UNNumber = 2570 | PubChem = 14783 |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Cd=1 | S=1 | Appearance = Yellow-orange to brown solid. | Density = 4.826 g/cm3, solid. | Solubility = insoluble[1] | SolubleOther = soluble in acid very slightly soluble in ammonium hydroxide | MeltingPtC = 1750 | MeltingPt_notes = 10 MPa | BoilingPtC = 980 | BoilingPt_notes = (sublimation) | RefractIndex = 2.529 | MagSus = -50.0·10−6 cm3/mol |Section3={{Chembox Structure | Coordination = | CrystalStruct = Hexagonal, Cubic |Section4={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −162 kJ·mol−1[2] | Entropy = 65 J·mol−1·K−1[2] |Section7={{Chembox Hazards | ExternalSDS = ICSC 0404 | EUClass = Carc. Cat. 2 Muta. Cat. 3 Repr. Cat. 3 Toxic (T) Dangerous for the environment (N) | RPhrases = {{R45}}, {{R22}}, {{R48/23/25}}, {{R62}}, {{R63}}, {{R68}}, {{R50/53}} | SPhrases = {{S53}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}} | NFPA-H = 3 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 0 | NFPA-S = | FlashPt = Non-flammable | LD50 = 7080 mg/kg (rat, oral) | REL = Ca[3] | PEL = [1910.1027] TWA 0.005 mg/m3 (as Cd)[3] | IDLH = Ca [9 mg/m3 (as Cd)][3] |Section8={{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = Cadmium oxide Cadmium selenide | OtherCations = Zinc sulfide Mercury sulfide }} Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid.[4] It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.[4] Its vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 18th century. ProductionCadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion. This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.[5] Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the solid precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder.[7] When cadmium sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step.[7] Cadmium sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria.[8][9] Routes to thin films of CdSSpecial methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and solar cells. In the chemical bath deposition method, thin films of CdS have been prepared using thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammonium buffer solution to control pH:[10] Cd2+ + H2O + (NH2)2CS + 2 NH3 → CdS + (NH2)2CO + 2 NH4+ Cadmium sulfide can be produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy and MOCVD techniques by the reaction of dimethylcadmium with diethyl sulfide:[11] Cd(CH3)2 + Et2S → CdS + CH3CH3 + C4H10 Other methods to produce films of CdS include
ReactionsCadmium sulfide can be dissolved in acids.[17] CdS + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2S When solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light hydrogen gas is generated:[18] H2S → H2 + S ΔHf = +9.4 kcal/mol The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide[24] followed by these reacting with water and sulfide:[18] Production of an electron hole pair CdS + hν → e− + hole+ Reaction of electron 2e− + 2H2O → H2 + 2OH− Reaction of hole 2hole+ + S2− → S Structure and physical propertiesCadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms. The more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.[19] There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.[19] Cadmium sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor (gap 2.42 eV[20]). The magnitude of its band gap means that it appears coloured.[4]
ApplicationsPigmentCdS is used as pigment in plastics, showing good thermal stability, light and weather fastness, chemical resistance and high opacity.[7] As a pigment, CdS is known as cadmium yellow.[4] (CI pigment yellow 37[31]) About 2000 tons are produced annually as of 1982, representing about 25% of the cadmium processed commercially.[32] Historical use in artThe general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably Van Gogh, Monet (in his London series and other works) and Matisse (Bathers by a river 1916–1919).[33] The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century.[34] CdS-CdSe solutionsCdS and CdSe form solid solutions. Increasing amounts of cadmium selenide, gives pigments verging toward red, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.[31] SafetyCadmium sulfide is toxic, especially when inhaled as dust, and cadmium compounds general are classified as carcinogenic.[35] Problems of biocompatibility have been reported when CdS is used as colors in tattoos.[36] References1. ^{{cite book | last = Lide | first = David R. | year = 1998 | title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 87 | location = Boca Raton, FL | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 978-0-8493-0594-8 | pages = 4–67; 1363}} 2. ^1 {{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 978-0-618-94690-7|page=A21}} 3. ^1 2 {{PGCH|0087}} 4. ^1 2 3 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&pg=PA522 Inorganic Chemistry], Elsevier {{ISBN|0-12-352651-5}} 5. ^Fred Ibbotson (2007), The Chemical Analysis of Steel-Works' Materials,Read Books, {{ISBN|1-4067-8113-4}} 6. ^Paul Klocek (1991), Handbook of Infrared Optical Materials, CRC Press {{ISBN|0-8247-8468-5}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite book| author = Hugh MacDonald Smith|title = High Performance Pigments|year = 2002|publisher = Wiley-VCH|isbn = 978-3-527-30204-8 }} 8. ^Larry L. Barton 1995 [https://books.google.com/books?id=yu2lmzwcQ6UC&printsec=frontcover Sulfate reducing bacteria], Springer, {{ISBN|0-306-44857-2}} 9. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.08.022|title=Bacterial Biosynthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanocrystals|pmid=15556006|year=2004|last1=Sweeney|first1=Rozamond Y.|last2=Mao|first2=Chuanbin|last3=Gao|first3=Xiaoxia|last4=Burt|first4=Justin L.|last5=Belcher|first5=Angela M.|last6=Georgiou|first6=George|last7=Iverson|first7=Brent L.|journal=Chemistry & Biology|volume=11|issue=11|pages=1553–9}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Oladeji | first1 = I.O. | last2 = Chow | first2 = L. | year = 1997 | title = Optimization of Chemical Bath Deposited Cadmium Sulfide | url = | journal = J. Electrochem. Soc. | volume = 144 | issue = 7| page = 7 | doi = 10.1149/1.1837815 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.563.1643 }} 11. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00163-0|title=Thin CdS films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition|year=2003|last1=Uda|first1=H|last2=Yonezawa|first2=H|last3=Ohtsubo|first3=Y|last4=Kosaka|first4=M|last5=Sonomura|first5=H|journal=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells|volume=75|issue=1–2|page=219}} 12. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00059-2|title=Nanosized semiconductor particles in glasses prepared by the sol–gel method: their optical properties and potential uses|year=2002|last1=Reisfeld|first1=R|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=341|issue=1–2|page=56}} 13. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.080|title=Comparative studies of the properties of CdS films deposited on different substrates by R.F. sputtering|year=2006|last1=Moon|first1=B|last2=Lee|first2=J|last3=Jung|first3=H|journal=Thin Solid Films|volume=511-512|page=299|bibcode = 2006TSF...511..299M }} 14. ^{{cite journal|title=Defect reduction in electrochemically deposited CdS thin films by annealing in O2 |doi=10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00136-0|year=1998|last1=Goto|first1=F|last2=Shirai|first2=Katsunori|last3=Ichimura|first3=Masaya|journal=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells|volume=50|issue=1–4|page=147}} 15. ^{{US patent|4086101}} Photovoltaic cells, J.F. Jordan, C.M. Lampkin Issue date: April 25, 1978 16. ^{{US patent|3208022}}, High performance photoresistor, Y.T. Sihvonen, issue date: September 21, 1965 17. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/app.22962|title=Extraction of CdS pigment from waste polyethylene|year=2006|last1=Wanrooij|first1=P. H. P.|last2=Agarwal|first2=U. S.|last3=Meuldijk|first3=J.|last4=Kasteren|first4=J. M. N. van|last5=Lemstra|first5=P. J.|journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science|volume=100|issue=2|page=1024}} 18. ^1 Mario Schiavello (1985) Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis, and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments Springer {{ISBN|90-277-1946-2}} 19. ^1 Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications {{ISBN|0-19-855370-6}} 20. ^1 2 D. Lincot, Gary Hodes [https://books.google.com/books?id=bpWe4TNGnBAC&pg=PA49 Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconducting and Non-Metallic Films: Proceedings of the International Symposium] The Electrochemical Society, 2006 {{ISBN|1-56677-433-0}} 21. ^Antonio Luque, Steven Hegedus, (2003), [https://books.google.com/books?id=u-bCMhl_JjQC&printsec=frontcover Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering] John Wiley and Sons {{ISBN|0-471-49196-9}} 22. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.96.533|title=Photovoltaic Effect in Cadmium Sulfide|year=1954|last1=Reynolds|first1=D.|last2=Leies|first2=G.|last3=Antes|first3=L.|last4=Marburger|first4=R.|journal=Physical Review|volume=96|issue=2|page=533|bibcode = 1954PhRv...96..533R }} 23. ^C. Fouassier,(1994), Luminescence in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons {{ISBN|0-471-93620-0}} 24. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.138.A1277|title=Temperature Dependence of the Pyroelectric Effect in Cadmium Sulfide|year=1965|last1=Minkus|first1=Wilfred|journal=Physical Review|volume=138|issue=4A|pages=A1277–A1287|bibcode = 1965PhRv..138.1277M }} 25. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.900|title=Low-Field Electroluminescence in Insulating Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide|year=1957|last1=Smith|first1=Roland|journal=Physical Review|volume=105|issue=3|page=900|bibcode = 1957PhRv..105..900S }} 26. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1070/QE1972v002n03ABEH004443|title=KGP-2: AN ELECTRON-BEAM-PUMPED CADMIUM SULFIDE LASER|year=1972|last1=Akimov|first1=Yu A|last2=Burov|first2=A A|last3=Drozhbin|first3=Yu A|last4=Kovalenko|first4=V A|last5=Kozlov|first5=S E|last6=Kryukova|first6=I V|last7=Rodichenko|first7=G V|last8=Stepanov|first8=B M|last9=Yakovlev|first9=V A|journal=Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics|volume=2|issue=3|page=284|bibcode = 1972QuEle...2..284A }} 27. ^{{cite journal|last1=Agarwal|first1=Ritesh|last2=Barrelet|first2=Carl J.|last3=Lieber|first3=Charles M.|title=Lasing in Single Cadmium Sulfide Nanowire Optical Cavities|journal=Nano Letters|year=2005|volume=5|issue=5|pages=917–920|doi=10.1021/nl050440u|arxiv=cond-mat/0412144v1|pmid=15884894|bibcode = 2005NanoL...5..917A }} 28. ^H. Zhao et al, "The effect of impurities on the doping and VOC of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, No. 7 (2009) pp. 2365-2369, {{doi|10.1016/j.tsf.2008.11.041}} 29. ^P.K. Weimar, "The TFT a new thin-film transistor", Proc. IRE, Vol. 50, No. 6 (1962) pp. 1462-1469, {{doi|10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190}} 30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Jun|title=Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin.|journal=Nature|date=24 January 2013|volume=493|issue=7433|pages=504–508|doi=10.1038/nature11721|pmid=23344360|bibcode=2013Natur.493..504Z}} 31. ^1 R. M. Christie 2001 [https://books.google.com/books?id=IIC3sYWh_NUC&pg=PA155 Colour Chemistry], p. 155 Royal Society of Chemistry {{ISBN|0-85404-573-2}} 32. ^Karl-Heinz Schulte-Schrepping, Magnus Piscator "Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2007 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a04_499}}. 33. ^Sidney Perkowitz, 1998, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ROHJnk2JOfIC&printsec=frontcover Empire of Light: A History of Discovery in Science and Art] Joseph Henry Press, {{ISBN|0-309-06556-9}} 34. ^W. Stanley Taft, James W. Mayer, Richard Newman, Peter Kuniholm, Dusan Stulik (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z720KVxkInYC&printsec=frontcove The Science of Paintings], Springer, {{ISBN|0-387-98722-3}} 35. ^[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0404.html CDC International Chemical Safety Card - Cadmium Sulfide] 36. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Bjornberg | first1 = A | date = Sep 1963 | title = Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide | url = | journal = Arch Dermatol | volume = 88 | issue = 3| pages = 267–71 | pmid = 14043617 | doi=10.1001/archderm.1963.01590210025003}} External links{{Commons category|Cadmium sulfide}}
7 : Cadmium compounds|Sulfides|Inorganic compounds|Inorganic pigments|II-VI semiconductors|IARC Group 1 carcinogens|Phosphors and scintillators |
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