“Caer”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Caer ({{IPA-cy|kɑːɨr}}; {{lang-owl|cair}} or {{lang|owl|kair}}) is a placename element in Welsh meaning "stronghold", "fortress", or "citadel",^[1] roughly equivalent to the Old English suffix now variously written as {{nowrap|-caster,}} {{nowrap|-cester,}} and {{nowrap|-chester}}.^[2]{{refn|More precisely, these English placename elements derive from Latin castrum ("fortified post") and its plural form castra ("military camp"), making them the more precise equivalent of the Welsh castell.}}

In modern Welsh orthography, caer is usually written as a prefix, although it was formerly—particularly in Latin—written as a separate word. The Breton equivalent is kêr, which is present in many Breton placenames as the prefix Ker-. The term is thought to have derived from the Brittonic *kagro- and to be cognate with cae ("field, enclosed piece of land").^[3] Although stone castles were largely introduced to Wales by the invading Normans, "caer" was and remains used to describe the settlements around some of them as well. An example is the Roman fort at Caernarfon, formerly known in Welsh as {{lang|cy|Caer Seiont}} from its position on the Seiont; the later Edwardian castle and its community were distinguished as {{lang|cy|Caer yn ar Fon}} ("fort in the land opposite Anglesey").^[2] However, the modern names of the Roman fort and Edwardian castle themselves are now {{lang|cy|Segontiwm}} or {{lang|cy|Castell Caernarfon}}, while the communities carry on the name caer.

Britain

Gildas's account of the Saxon invasions of Britain claimed that there were 28 fortified Roman cities ({{lang-la|civitas}}) on the island, without listing them.{{refn|De Excidio Britanniae, § 3. {{la icon}} Cited in the "Civitas" entry of Celtic Culture.^[5]}} The History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius includes a list of the 28, all of which are called "caer".^[4]{{refn|Latin names according to Mommsen's edition of Nennius,^[5] translations and modern equivalents according to Ford,^[6] Ussher,^[7] or as otherwise noted.}} Controversy exists over whether this list includes only Roman cities or a mixture of Roman cities and non-Roman settlements^[8]. Some of the place names that have been proposed include:

Wales

England

Scotland

Southern Scotland, the former Old North of the Romano-Britons, contains many modern placenames with variant forms of caer, including:

In fiction

See also

References

1. ^Carlisle, Nicholas. [https://archive.org/stream/walestopographic00carluoft#page/xxx/mode/2up Topographical Dictionary of the Dominion of Wales, "Glossary", p. xxx.] W. Bulmer & Co. (London), 1811.
2. ^¹²Allen, Grant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2mgJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA419 "Casters and Chesters" in The Cornhill Magazine, Vol. XLV, pp. 419 ff.] Smith, Elder, & Co. (London), 1882.
3. ^Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, vol. 1, p. 384.
4. ^¹"JTK". [https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA451 "Civitas" in Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 451]. ABC-CLIO (Sta. Barbara), 2006.
5. ^¹Nennius ({{abbr|attrib.|Traditional attribution}}). Theodor Mommsen ({{abbr|ed.|Editor}}). Historia Brittonum, VI. Composed after {{sc|ad}} 830. {{la icon}} Hosted at Latin Wikisource.
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸Ford, David Nash. "The 28 Cities of Britain" at Britannia. 2000.
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶Newman, John Henry & al. Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92. James Toovey (London), 1844.
8. ^Breeze, Andrew. "Historia Brittonum" and Britain’s Twenty-Eight Cities at Journal of Literary Onomastics. 2016.
9. ^Veprauskas, Michael. "The Problem of Caer Guorthigirn" at Vortigern Studies. 1998.
10. ^Williams, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=spYxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA59 "A History of the Parish of Llanfyllin" in Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire, Vol. III, p. 59]. J. Russell Smith (London), 1870.
11. ^Roman Britain Organisation. "Mediomanum?" at Roman Britain {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401114019/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/caersws.htm |date=2007-04-01 }}. 2010.
12. ^On page 20 of Stevenson's 1838 edition of Nennius's works.
13. ^Cited in Frank Reno's [https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-bzmtrFnwC&pg=PA203 The Historic King Arthur: Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain, Ch. 7: "Camelot and Tintagel", p. 201].
14. ^In Academy, Vol. XXX, Oct. 1886.
15. ^Wolcott, Darrell. "Glast and the Glastening". Center for the Studies of Ancient Wales (Jefferson), 2010.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/placename/?id=726|title=Fife Place-name Data :: Kirkcaldy|website=fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk}}