| 词条 | Comandra |
| 释义 |
|image = Comandra umbellata.jpg |status = G5 |status_system = TNC |genus = Comandra |parent_authority = Nutt. |species = umbellata |authority = (L.) Nutt. |synonyms =
}}Comandra is a monotypic genus[3] containing the single species Comandra umbellata. Its common names include bastard toadflax, umbellate bastard toadflax, and common comandra.[4] The plant has a disjunct distribution;[3] its four subspecies occur in North America and the Mediterranean.[5] DescriptionComandra is a perennial herb growing about 8 to 34 cm tall. The leaves are up to 3.3 cm long and are alternately arranged. The flowers lack petals, but have five greenish-white sepals; the flowers are perfect, containing both male and female structures. The flowers are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a drupe 4-6mm thick. It prefers to grow in drier soils.[6][8]Subspecies include:[7]
In Europe the common English name bastard toadflax is used for plants of the genus Thesium. UsesA decoction of the plant parts was made by the Navajo people for narcotic and other medicinal usage. In times of food shortage, the berries were used by Native Americans as a food source,[10] and though small, they have a sweet taste.[11] PathogensC. umbellata is the alternate host for the comandra blister rust (Cronartium comandrae), a rust fungus that affects pine species in North America. Comandra blister rust can cause tree losses of up to 7% in some regions where it is common.[12]When C. umbellata is infected by the rust aeciospores from the pine host, yellow, blister-like spots bearing urediniospores appear on the leaves of the plant within 20 days. In the following weeks, teliospores develop on brown, hairlike telia that germinate to produce basidiospores, the fungal life stage capable of infecting pines.[13] References1. ^Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav, Icones florae germanicae et helveticae 11: 11. 1849. {{Taxonbar|from1=Q5150546|from2=Q15380252}}2. ^Comandra elegans at Tropicos 3. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Der | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Nickrent | first2 = D. L. | year = 2008 | title = A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales) | url = http://www.plantbiology.siu.edu/faculty/nickrent/NickrentPDFs/Der%26Nickrent2008.pdf | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 33 | issue = 1| pages = 107–16 | doi=10.1600/036364408783887438}} 4. ^Comandra umbellata. NatureServe. 2012. 5. ^{{cite book | first=D. J. | last=Mabberley | title=The Plant Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants | year=2000 | publisher= Cambridge University Press | location=New York}} 6. ^1 Comandra umbellata. Arches National Park, Utah. United States National Park Service. 7. ^[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=501614 Comandra umbellata.] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 8. ^1 {{cite journal | first= E. H. | last= Moss | year=1926 | title= Parasitism in the genus Comandra | journal=New Phytologist | volume=25 |pages=264–276 | doi= 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1926.tb06695.x | issue= 4 | jstor= 2428127 }} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Rhoads|first1=Ann|last2=Block|first2=Timothy|title=The Plants of Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania press|location=Philadelphia Pa|isbn=978-0-8122-4003-0|edition=2nd|date=2007-08-08}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Wild Berries of the West|year=2001|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company|location=Missoula, Montana|isbn=978-0-87842-433-7|pages=159|author=Betty B. Derig|author2=Margaret C. Fuller|last-author-amp=yes}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Bastard Toadflax (Comandra umbellata)|url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/wildflwr/species/comaumbe.htm|work=Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands|publisher=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 12. ^{{cite journal | title=Predicted impacts of hard pine stem rusts on lodgepole pine dominated stands in central British Columbia | last=Woods | first=A. J. | journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research | volume=30 | year=2000 | pages=476–481 | doi=10.1139/cjfr-30-3-476 | issue=3|display-authors=etal | url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x99-236?journalCode=cjfr#.UhMNAvfn_rc}} 13. ^{{cite journal | first=D. W. | last=Johnson | title=Comandra Blister Rust | journal= Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet | volume=62 | year=1986 | url=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/comandra/comandrafidl.htm}} 5 : Santalaceae|Monotypic Santalales genera|Parasitic plants|Flora of Europe|Flora of North America |
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