| 词条 | Concert of Democracies |
| 释义 |
A Concert of Democracies or League of Democracies is an alternative international organization proposed by Ivo Daalder and James Lindsay in a May 2004 Washington Post op-ed. The concept is broader than a military organization, hence “concert” instead of “alliance.” In a subsequent article in The American Interest,[1] they affirm that roughly 60 countries would qualify for membership under these criteria. They conceive such a "Concert" as a "D-60" group within the UN. Around the same time, following a 2004 exchange with Jean Elshtain on just war theory, John Davenport of Fordham University proposed a "federation of democracies" in a 2005 article.[2] He developed this further by analogy with arguments for the American federation,[3] and contended that only a federation of democracies could reliably undertake humanitarian interventions to stop mass atrocity crimes.[4] He also defended this proposal against criticisms by Stephen Schlesinger in an online exchange.[5] G. John Ikenberry and Anne-Marie Slaughter have also called for the creation of a “Concert of Democracies” in the final report of the Princeton Project on National Security, Forging a World Under Liberty and Law: U.S. National Security in the 21st Century (September 2006). Most recently the concept has been supported by former United States Presidential candidate John McCain.[6] According to the Princeton Project's final report released on September 27, 2006, this alternative body's purpose would be to strengthen security cooperation among the world’s liberal democracies and to provide a framework in which they can work together to effectively tackle common challenges - ideally within existing regional and global institutions, but if those institutions fail, then independently, functioning as a focal point for efforts to strengthen liberty under law around the world. It would serve as the institutional embodiment and ratification of the "democratic peace".[7] On September 16, 2006, Anne Bayefsky at the Hudson Institute, published a nearly identical proposal to establish an organization called the United Democratic Nations in The Jerusalem Post. Unlike the Princeton Project scholars, Bayefsky and other conservative scholars view the institution as a replacement for the United Nations, which they view as illegitimate and ineffective. Possible membershipPolitical scientists have argued that the criteria for inclusion in a Concert of Democracies are by no means clear-cut. The main factors for membership most agreed upon are regular, competitive, free and fair elections, and protection of individual rights and the rule of law.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} Other progressive thinkers, such as Daniele Archibugi have argued that the same purposes will be better served by a democratic reform of the United Nations.[8] See also
References1. ^Ivo Daalder & James Lindsay, Democracies of the World, Unite, the-american-interest.com, January - February 2007 {{cite web |url=http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=220 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230314/http://www.the-american-interest.com/article.cfm?piece=220 |archivedate=2011-05-21 |df= }} 2. ^John J. Davenport, "Just War Theory Requires a New Federation of Democratic Nations,” Fordham International Law Journal 28 no.3 (Feb.2005): 763-85. 3. ^Davenport, “A Global Federalist Paper: Consolidation Arguments and Global Government,” Journal of Value Inquiry 42 (2008): 353-75. 4. ^Davenport, “Just Wars, Humanitarian Intervention, and the Need for a Federation of Democracies,” The Journal of Religious Ethics 39 no.3 (2011): 493–555. 5. ^"For a Federation of Democracies: A Response to Stephen Schlesinger,” Ethics and International Affairs 23 no.1 (Spring 2009), Online Roundtable supplement: http://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/journal/23_1/roundtable/006 6. ^Liz Sidoti, “McCain Favours a ‘League of Democracies’, Washingtonpost.com, April 30, 2007 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/30/AR2007043001402.html] 7. ^Robert Kagan, “The Case for a League of Democracies”, Financial Times, May 13, 2008 {{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 8. ^Daniele Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy, Princeton University Press, 2008, External links
1 : Proposed international organizations |
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