“Cali”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Santiago de Cali ({{IPA-es|sanˈtjaɣo ðe ˈkali}}), or Cali, is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with an estimated 2,319,655 residents according to 2005-2020/DANE population projections.^[2] The city spans {{convert|560.3|km2|abbr=on}} with {{convert|120.9|km2|abbr=on}} of urban area,^[3] making Cali the second-largest city in the country by area (after Bogotá) and the third most populous (after Bogotá and Medellín). As the only major Colombian city with access to the Pacific Coast, Cali is the main urban and economic centre in the southwest of the country, and has one of Colombia's fastest-growing economies.^[4]^[5]^[6] The city was founded on 25 July 1536 by the Spanish explorer Sebastián de Belalcázar.

Cali is also a centre for sports in Colombia, and is the only Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games (in 1971). It hosted the 1992 World Wrestling Championships, the ninth edition of the World Games in 2013, the UCI Track Cycling World Championships in 2014 and the World Youth Championships in Athletics in 2015. Cali will host the first ever Junior Pan American Games in 2021.

Etymology

Cali is the shortened form of the official name of the city: Santiago de Cali. "Santiago" honours Saint James whose feast day is celebrated on the 25th of July. The origin of the word "Cali" comes from the local Amerindians the "Calima".

History

Pre-Columbian era and settlers

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the region was inhabited by indigenous tribes, mostly speakers of Cariban languages. In the region between the Cauca River and the Western Cordillera, the Gorrones established themselves between the present day Roldanillo and Santiago de Cali. The biggest town of the Morrones was sited on the River Pescador near the present-day towns of Zarzal and Bugalagrande. The Morrones traded with the Quimbayas who inhabited the north of the Valle del Cauca.

On his way to Cali, Sebastián de Belalcázar first met the Timbas who ran away before the arrival of the men, leaving behind gold. After the Timbas, towards the north, the Spaniards entered the territory of the chief Jamundí and his tribe, the Jamundíes, between the rivers Pance and Jamundí. This tribe offered a strong resistance to the invaders, fighting with poisonous darts and arrows against the arquebuses and swords of the Spaniards. Eventually, the Spanish prevailed in the struggle over the central valley.

Before taking control over the region, the Spaniards had to defeat the chief Petecuy, whose tribe inhabited the area between the river Lilí and the Western Cordillera. Petecuy formed a big army with many tribes and fought the Spaniards on Holy Tuesday of 1536. The natives lost to the Spaniards and the region was divided in encomiendas.

Santiago de Cali was important for Belalcázar because it was outside the Inca empire. After the capture and execution of the Inca Atahualpa at Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro had sent Belalcázar to take possession of Guayaquil and Quito on his behalf, but Cali, being outside the Quechua empire, was claimed by Belalcazar as his own territory. After his death, his descendants maintained possession of much of the land until the war of independence against Spain.

Founding and colonial period

The founder of Cali, Sebastián de Belalcázar, came to the American continent in the third voyage made by Columbus in 1498. In 1532, after serving in Darién and Nicaragua, he joined Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Perú. In 1534, Belalcázar separated from Pizarro's expedition to find the city of Quito, and later in his search of El Dorado he entered the territory of what is now Colombia, founding the cities of Pasto and Popayán.

Belalcázar founded Santiago de Cali on 25 July 1536, a few kilometres north of its present location, near what are now the towns of Vijes and Riofrío. Under the orders of Belalcázar, captain Miguel Muñoz moved the city to its present location in 1537, where the chaplain Brother Santos de Añasco celebrated a mass in the place occupied by the Church La Merced today, and Belalcázar designated Pedro de Ayala as the first municipal authority.

During the Colonia (colonial period), Santiago de Cali was part of the gobernación of Popayán, which was part of Quito's Audiencia. Although initially Cali was the capital of Popayán's gobernación, Belalcázar moved this function to Popayán in 1540, owing to "better" weather there.

Until the 18th century most of the territory of what is now Santiago de Cali was occupied by haciendas (cattle farms and plantations of food, with some sugar cane), and the city was only a small town near the Cali River. In 1793, Santiago de Cali had 6,548 inhabitants, 1,106 of whom were (African) slaves. The haciendas were the property of the dominant noble class with many slaves dedicated mostly to stockbreeding and raising sugar cane crops. Many of these haciendas became zone of the present city like Cañaveralejo, Chipichape, Pasoancho, Arroyohondo, Cañasgordas, Limonar and Meléndez. Santiago de Cali was strategically positioned for trade, centrally located in relation to the mining regions of Antioquia, Chocó, and Popayán. In the colonial period, the first trail for mules and horses between Santiago de Cali and the port of Buenaventura was completed.

Independence

On 3 July 1810 Santiago de Cali refused to recognize the Council of Regency of Spain, and established its own junta. This local uprising predates the national one in Bogotá by 17 days.^[7] The Governor of Popayán, Miguel Tacón organized an army to control the uprising. The people from Cali called for help to the "Junta Suprema" in Bogotá, which sent a contingent under colonel Antonio Baraya to support the independence cause. For mutual defense, Cali also formed, with Anserma, Cartago, Toro, Buga and Caloto, the Confederated cities of the Cauca Valley, which declared independence from the Governorate of Popayán on 1 February 1811, although they continued to recognize the absent Ferdinand VII as their head of state. On 28 March 1811 in the battle of Bajo Palacé, the first in Colombia´s Independence, the royalist Spanish army was defeated by the revolutionary army commanded by colonel Antonio Baraya with a detachment of 120 soldiers from his native Cundinamarca and a huge garrison of 1.080 men from Valle del Cauca led by brothers Miguel and Francisco Cabal Barona.^[8]

In the following years there were many battles between royalists and local militia. After having been released from captivity by Napoleon, Ferdinand VII sent a large army under the command of the "Pacificador" (Pacifier) Pablo Morillo who restored royalist rule in the area by 1816.

In 1819 after Simón Bolívar defeated the bulk of the royalist army in the Battle of Boyacá, there were new uprisings in the Valle del Cauca and the Criollos took control permanently. In 1822 Bolívar arrived in Santiago de Cali. The city was an important military outpost and the region contributed many men to the war of independence that liberated the nations in the south.

Modernism

In the 19th century Cali, capital of the Valley of the Cauca department, was a quiet community with no more than 20,000 inhabitants. The urban center of the city was around the neighborhoods of Altozano and San Antonio.

Outside the city there were mango plantations, pastures and communal land that were transferred from the Spanish Crown to the working classes. From the market gardens on this land the city was supplied with food. The economy centered around livestock, sugar cane, beef, panela (Jaggery; a sugar derivative), cheese and gold mined in the Pacific; there was also a small but growing industrial and financial sector.

Jewish entrepreneurs came during the 18th and 19th centuries and achieved prominent positions in the city. Some married local women and felt they had to abandon or diminish their identity. These included author Jorge Isaacs of English Jewish ancestry, the industrialist James Martin Eder (who adopted the more Christian name of Santiago Eder when he translated his name to Spanish) born into the Latvian Jewish community, as well as the De Lima, Salazar, Espinoza, Arias, Ramirez, Perez and Lobo families from the Caribbean. Over the generations most of their descendants were raised as secular Christians.

Around 1890 the Company of Public Works of Cauca, a private venture, built the market plaza. This spurred commercial development and it transformed into the Plaza Mayor or Plaza de Caycedo. In 1921, the market was sold to the Cali municipality. Very close to the 9th street was the principal station of the tranvia of Cali, a system of public transportation that linked the city with suburban areas.

Recent history

On 7 August 1956 at around 1 a.m., seven Colombian army trucks filled with 42 tons of dynamite exploded near the train station, destroying around eight city blocks.^[9]^[10] A nearby army barracks was instantly destroyed, killing all 500 soldiers. Windows were shattered for miles. More than 1,000 people were killed and several thousand injured (see Cali explosion).^[11]

In 1971, Santiago de Cali hosted the Pan American Games, an event which is considered by many as the height of the city's golden age as a model of civic orderliness: following it, Cali was named the Sports Capital of Colombia. In 1982, the government of Cali inaugurated what is now the city's largest building and the third-largest in the Republic of Colombia—"La Torre de Cali", or The Cali Tower. It stands 42 stories tall and houses a hotel, offices and apartment complexes.

On 20 December 1995, American Airlines Flight 965 crashed in the mountains near Buga (a city located {{convert|46|mi|km}} from Cali), killing 159 out of the 163 people on board.^[12]

Geography and climate

Location

Cali is located on the Cauca Valley to the west of the Cauca River and to the east of the Western Mountain Range near the hills known as Farallones de Cali. The city rests approximately {{convert|1000|m|0|abbr=off}} above sea level. Approximately {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}} west of Cali and over the Western Cordillera, lies the port city of Buenaventura on the Colombian Pacific coast. To the northeast are the manufacturing center of Yumbo and Cali's international airport, the Alfonso Bonilla Aragón (CLO). It is Colombia's third largest airport in terms of passengers, transporting 2,667,526 in 2009.

Geography

Santiago de Cali is located in a valley. The city is completely bordered by mountains to the West; the Farallones de Cali mountains are the closest to the city. The Eastern part of the city is bordered by the Cauca River. To the north and south are extended plains. In the first one you can find the industrial city of Yumbo which is part of Cali's metropolitan area, to the south you can find Jamundí, also part of the metropolitan area. The city is mainly flat, but there are areas mostly to the west that are mountainous, like San Antonio and La loma de la Cruz, which are both tourist sites.

There are several rivers that descend from the Western Mountain Range and empty into the Cauca River, passing through the metropolitan area of Cali. In the western part of the city the Aguacatal River flows into the Cali River, which continues on to the Cauca River. In the south the rivers Cañaveralejo, Lilí, and Meléndez flow into the [https://www.cvc.gov.co/ CVC] south channel which also empties into the Cauca River. Farther south, the banks of the Pance River are a popular place for recreation and leisure.

Climate

Under Köppen's climate classification, Cali features a tropical savanna climate. The Western Mountain Range rises from an average of {{convert|2000|m|0|abbr=on}} above sea level in the northern part of the city to approximately {{convert|4000|m|0|abbr=on}} to the south. Because of this variation in altitude, the weather in the northwest portion of the city is drier than in the southwest. The average annual precipitation varies between {{convert|900|to|1800|mm|0|abbr=on}} depending on the metropolitan zone for a citywide average of approximately {{convert|1000|mm|0|abbr=on}}. Cali's average temperature is {{convert|25|°C|0|abbr=on}} with an average low temperature of {{convert|18.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} and a high of {{convert|31|°C|0|abbr=on}}.

Owing to its proximity to the equator, there are no major seasonal variations in Cali. However, locals refer to the dry season as the city's "summer", in which temperatures can rise to {{convert|34|to|36|°C|°F|}} and go down to {{convert|18|to|19|°C|°F}} at night. During the rainy season (or "winter") temperatures can rise to {{convert|28|to|29|°C|°F}} and go down to {{convert|16|to|17|°C|°F}} at night. There are typically two rainy seasons: from March to May and from October to November. However, rain can be expected to fall at any point during the year, nourishing the city's permanent green and lush vegetation. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|36.6|°C|0|abbr=on}} in July 1997, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|13.4|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August 1978.^[13]

Tourism

Historic district

Santiago de Cali offers historical areas with cultural variety and other attractions. In downtown Cali there are many historic churches such as La Merced and La Ermita. Cali contains a well-preserved historical center. The most important zone is La plaza de Cayzedo, considered the center of the city, which is a square surrounded by many historical and modern buildings like El edificio Otero, La Catedral and El Palacio de Justicia. This plaza is close to other tourist places, like The Saint Francis church (in Spanish, Iglesia de San Francisco), the municipal theater and La Merced church. The city is also rich in monuments, parks, squares and museums. The most emblematic sculptures are Cristo Rey, located upon a mountain range; Sebastian de Belalcazar, founder of the city; and Las tres Cruces, a place of pilgrimage during the days of the Holy Week.

Other tourist attractions

Medical tourism

According to recent Lonely Planet^[22] guides of Colombia, Cali has recently become famous for being a prime destination for people seeking cheap cosmetic surgery. There have been no significant reports of problems in this area, but Lonely Planet advises proper research before pursuing such an idea. In the city of Cali about 50,000 (2010) cosmetic surgery procedures occur per year, of which around 14,000 involve patients from abroad.^[23]

Transport

Airports

Santiago de Cali is served by Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport {{Airport codes|CLO|SKCL}}, located in the City of Palmira. It is Colombia's third largest airport in terms of passengers (transporting 3,422,919 in 2010) and fourth in cargo. Alfonso Bonilla Aragón is located in a long, narrow valley that runs from north to south, and is surrounded by mountains up to {{convert|14,000|ft|m}} high.

The airport is connected to the city by a highway known as the "recta a Palmira", that in the last few years has been upgraded to make the airport more accessible to Cali and the surrounding city centers in the region. The airport has also been remodeled recently; some of the last significant events in those terms were the inauguration of the VIP room in the National terminal and the installation of a main electronic screen in the center of the check-in area.

The Marco Fidel Suárez Air Base is a military airport close to the city's downtown. It is located in the east side of the city and belongs to the Colombian Air Force. It is used as one of the main training centers for the country's fighter pilots.

Public transport

The city of Cali offers a variety of ways to move through the city; in March 2009, The Masivo Integrado de Occidente (MIO) began operations. It is planned to be the primary system that connects the city. Taxis and old buses are the secondary way to get around. Taxis are one of the best systems that tourists can use, as they are relatively inexpensive and are more secure. Non-MIO buses round out the system and are used primarily by the working class to get around and are less expensive to use. Buses are secure but not at the same level as taxis. This part of the transport in the city is awaiting a needed reorganization of routes.

Masivo Integrado de Occidente (MIO): Is a bus rapid transit system of articulated buses that run on dedicated bus lanes in the middle of major thoroughfares, with stations connected to sidewalks by dedicated pedestrian crossings or bridges. The system layout is {{convert|243|km|0|abbr=off}} and is distributed in a main trunk, pre-trunk and complementary corridors. The system also integrated the renovation and recuperation of the public space. The MIO system was not only designed for the public transport, but built for public use with extensive new sidewalks, parks, gardens and public squares for the public to enjoy.

The system also consists of a cable car, the so-called MÍO Cable, which is fully integrated with the city's public transportation network and directly serves the residents of the district Siloé.

Bus Central Station

Cali is served by over 20 coach companies^[25] which gather in the Central Bus Station.^[26] The Station is centrally located near the old (now redundant) railway station, which serves now as Metrocali's headquarters. Depending on the company and the destination, the vehicles range from minibuses to large coaches. Recently, in their last float renovation wave, Colombian coaches operators have opted for Brazil's Marcopolo buses. Informal stops exist for the short destination rides all along the way from Central Station to the town of destination. In some cases, it is enough for a passenger to ask to get off the bus for the bus to stop.

Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Cali, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 88 min. 23% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 21 min, while 43% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.6 km, while 3% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.^[27]

Economy

Cali and Valle del Cauca constitute the third largest economic center of Colombia, being about national and international economic exchange. The City is a must from / to the south and the border with Ecuador, and is connected with the world through the seaport of Buenaventura.

The economic transformation of Cali and the Valle del Cauca during the twentieth century and its crisis of the century, and the outlook to the new century have been the subject of deep analysis of financial and academic institutions. This section is based on the analysis and recommendations of the report Cali Colombia – Toward a City Development and Strategy published by the World Bank in 2002, and the Regional Economic Situation Reports (ICER) published quarterly by the DANE.

Traditionally, Cali and the department have been space farm, the same as during the colonial times out with the mines, production shaft. In the early twentieth century the city's economy was concentrated in the production of sugar, based on an agricultural model in which large tracts of land were cultivated with minimum use of labor. As a result, a few families owned vast areas of land in one of the most fertile regions of the country. This was an important factor in determining the power relations and the organization of the city through the twentieth century.

In the period 1910–1930 the city's economy shifted its focus from an agricultural model to become a commercial node at the national level through the development of basic infrastructure such as construction of the railway to Buenaventura and the creation of the department of Valle del Cauca with Cali designated as its capital.

Although the industrial vallecaucana revolution of Cali did not begin until the third decade of the twentieth century, some companies had already begun to build the industrial development of the region, as the printing company Carvajal y Cia (which began operations in 1904). In 1929 there is the creation of Soap Varela Hermanos, in the 1930s other industries begin to grow as large scale factories of gas and beer, printing and cigarettes. Smaller companies also appeared focusing on textile clothing, chemicals, chocolates, building materials, leather articles and furniture.

In 1940 Cali had already ceased to be a single point of trade and its economy was focused on industry. A few years before the decade began a major investment of foreign capital led to the establishment of many factories and local business grew to multinational corporations; as Croydon in 1937, Cementos del Valle in 1939, and Carton Colombia in 1941; Goodyear and Colgate-Palmolive came from the US in 1941. Later came other corporations like General CEAT (Centelsa) in 1955, and pharmaceutical laboratories were based in the Cauca Valley between 1940 and 1960, as Tecnoquímicas and Baxter.

The flourishing industrial city attracted waves of immigration in the 1950s and 1960s. In these decades there were important partnerships between the public and private sectors, as productive sector support to programs of business administration at the University of Valle. The growth of the University training professionals and technologists, as well as infrastructure development, were crucial for the further development of industry and trade in the Valle del Cauca. This trend continued in the 1970s and early years of the next decade. Public investment in infrastructure reached significant levels benefiting not only the production sector but also the growing population, this made Cali and Valle del Cauca models further development across the country.

In 1998, when the economic crisis became apparent, the national government could not respond to the call of the local politicians and mayors had to introduce austerity measures under pressure from creditors, which caused the vallecaucano development model to collapse. Additionally, the tightening of the country's internal conflict required a tax increase aimed at national war spending, leaving less room for local governments to collect, through taxes, the money required for their development plans.

In the 21st century, economic conditions in the country and the city have changed. The economic model that handled the Valle del Cauca until the 1980s, has been moved to the globalization of the economy{{clarify|date=January 2015}}, as evidenced in areas such as: capital inflows of the most important economic groups in Colombia, creating strategic alliances between entrepreneurs and multinational vallecaucanos, the concern of the companies in the region to optimize their resources and services, investment and diversification of economic groups. Faced with the loss of influence of traditional

According to statistics by DANE, in 1995 the annual growth of GDP of the Valle del Cauca region was almost twice the national rate. For 1997, GDP increased marginally vallecaucano even 1%. In 1999 the country's economic recession was felt with a depression that made the economy were reduced showing GDP growth of 4%. Since then GDP has grown Valley ups and downs, but its percentage share nationwide has been falling since 1995 as shown in the graph.

The department contributes significantly to the national economy. According to statistics for the year 2005 as agricultural Valley contributes 5.37% of the national production, which is relatively low compared with Antioquia (15.48%) or Cundinamarca (12.81%). In fisheries products, the region ranks first with vallecaucana contributing 36% of the country's total production. As for mining, the Valley is not a metal region; however, in terms of non-metallic minerals the department contributes 8.15% of the value added across Colombia.

The industry vallecaucana contributes 13.81% of the national value added, second only to Bogotá with a 25.39% and 18.20% with Antioquia. Particularly, the industries of food, beverages and snuff are important items of the Valley's economy contributing 16% of national value added, equaled or surpassed only by Antioquia and Bogotá. On trade, nationally Bogotá has a 32.22%, 13.25% Antioquia and Valle 11.34%. In the Valley transportation services has 12.52% of value added.

The Consumer Price Index (IPC) of Cali has been since the last decade one of the lowest among Colombian cities. About 78% of Cali's people are of working age (over 18 years). In 2005 for the first time in six years the city presented an occupancy rate above 60%, which confirms the good state of the economy, led primarily by growth in manufacturing, agriculture and trade among others.

Drogas La Rebaja, one of Colombia's largest pharmacy store chains, is based in Cali.

Public order

In 2014 Cali suffered 1,545 murders at a rate of 66.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, and had a further reduction to 51.5 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017.^[28]^[29] In 2006 the budget for security in Medellín was more than four times higher than in Cali, and in Bogota (which is 3.5 times more populous) the budget was more than 7 times higher.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Between 1 January and 1 December 2011 there were 1870^[30] intentional homicides in the municipality of Cali, which is considered a 5% increase compared to 2010.^[31] The surge in violence in Cali in 2011 has partly been attributed to what has been described as an ongoing 'mafia war' between the 'neo-paramilitary' groups Los Rastrojos and Los Urabeños, both involved in drug trafficking.^[32] Los Rastrojos are considered the 'heirs' of the Cali Cartel and Los Urabeños have their roots in Colombia's coast. Los Rastrojos are accused of committing at least 80 murders in Cali in 2011.^[33] According to Colombia's most influential weekly magazine, Semana, there are over 1,700 assassins working for various groups in the city.^[34] 3.8 percent of street addresses account for 100 percent of homicides.^[35]

During 2012, there was a decrease in homicides, with 24 cases fewer than for the same period last year, and there were 294 fewer people injured, which means a reduction of 8% from a year previous. There were 323 fewer car thefts, i.e. a decrease of 21% over the same period of 2011. There were 152 fewer residential burglaries, which means a reduction of 17% from the same period of 2011. There was also strengthening in technology citywide by the installation of 254 security cameras.

Politics

Cali is governed by a mayor who is elected for a four-year term. Under the mayor, there are several administrative departments and secretaries. Mayor's elections started in 1986, followed by Governors' in 1992. Before these dates, all Colombian regional executive-branch leaders were appointed by the President himself. The first elected mayor was Carlos Holmes Trujillo of the Liberal Party. Unlike other Colombian cities, Cali has not properly adapted to the quite new Mayor's election system. The city has had some unsuccessful stories with some of its elected mayors, two of them being removed from office. Some argue this is caused by Aguablanca's huge mass population often driven to vote based in small short-termed gifts from populist candidates fully aware of this District needs. There were recorded cases of candidates giving bricks, cement and other stuff to the District's leaders in exchange for shifting votes to their campaigns.

The City Council is composed of 21 members, elected by citywide circumscription for four-year terms. There is no relation between the number of City Counselors and the number of 'comunas' of the city, which is a merely administrative division created to facilitate the city's management.

Education

A large part of the population relies on the public educational system, which is underfunded and in some cases improperly managed. Schools are under municipal or departmental management, the former being the most common. The Municipal Secretary of Education manages a large part of the city's budget, which has brought some politicians to try to control it as their personal organization.

The city is endowed with the most sophisticated and high-quality secondary education institutions and universities in the region. Most universities are located in the south part of the city. Among the most prestigious are University of Valle (Public), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Private), and Universidad Icesi (Private).

Universities

Arts and culture

Cultural centers

Museums

La Feria de Cali (The Cali Fair)

"La Feria de Cali" is the main cultural event in the city. It is a fair that has been celebrated since 1957. The fair is celebrated from December 25 to the 30th. The fair is known also as "La Feria de la Caña" (sugar cane fair) and "La Feria de la salsa" (Salsa fair). People enjoy many activities like the tascas, salsa concerts, bullfights, parades, athletic activities, competitions and cultural exhibitions.

Salsa music

Cali is also known as the Salsa Capital "Capital de la Salsa" given the city's love for that genre of Afro-Caribbean music. In early July there is the Summer Salsa Festival which lasts for one week. It usually includes concerts by some of the world's great salsa bands as well as dance shows and "melomano" competitions in which salsa connoisseurs try to outdo each other by digging deep into the archives of salsa music and related sounds to find and reveal long lost tunes. On any night of the week small salsa clubs offer a variety of Afro-Caribbean beats.^[55] Furthermore, the last Friday of every month, the city has an event known as "Delirio", already internationally known with the most spectacular salsa shows presented, "Las Vegas" style. It has become a very important attraction for tourists to visit the city.

Sports

At a professional level, Cali hosts only football teams. At the amateur level there are Basketball, Football, Volleyball, and other sports. Nationally, Cali's athletes compete with Bogotá's and Medellín's in most sport tournaments and championships.

Cali has two main athletic events, a mid-year half marathon ½ Maraton de Cali^[56] and a December 10k race called Carrera del Río Cali.

Colombia's sports capital

Santiago de Cali is recognized as the sports capital of Colombia. It is the first Colombian city to have hosted the Pan American Games (see 1971 Pan American Games), and has also won the National Olympic Games more than any other region in Colombia. The city also counts with one of the most developed sport infrastructures in the country. Many sporting events have taken place in the city.

Cali has one football stadium: Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero, which is currently home of América de Cali and Atlético F.C., and was home of Deportivo Cali until 2015 when they moved to Estadio Deportivo Cali, located in nearby Palmira. Deportivo Cali is the only Colombian football club that owns its stadium, since all other football stadiums in Colombia are government-owned. Other important places of sporting activity in the city are "Coliseo El Pueblo", a covered arena center used for all types of events which hosted the 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup, and Coliseo Evangelista Mora, mainly used for basketball. Cali will host the inaugural Junior Pan American Games in 2021.

Infrastructure

Cali's infrastructure has permitted it to host several major international sports competitions such as the 1971 Pan American Games, numerous Games of the Pacific, the final phase of the 1982 World basketball championship, the 1999 World's Roller Hockey Championships, women's basketball and swimming events, Pan American Speed-Track Cycling Championships, and most recently the World's Roller Speed Skating Championships. Cali was the host city of the World Games 2013.

Football

Santiago de Cali is home of Colombia's Deportivo Cali and América de Cali football clubs. Many well-known football players were either born in Cali or have played in one of its clubs. Willington Ortiz, Carlos Valderrama, Ántony de Ávila, Álex Escobar, Julio César Falcioni, Jorge Orosmán da Silva, Jorge Bermúdez, Giovanni Hernández, Hugo Rodallega, Mario Yepes, Faryd Mondragón, Adolfo Valencia, and Óscar Córdoba are a sample of them.

According to CONMEBOL, América ranks 2nd and Deportivo Cali 3rd^[57] in the Colombian national ranking, which ranks itself 3rd in the CONMEBOL ranking. América was ranked as the world's 2nd best club in 1996 by the IFFHS (International Federation of Football History & Statistics)^[58] and 35th in the All-Time Club World Ranking of the IFFHS.^[59] Cali is the Colombian city having hosted the most Colombian first division finals, with 40 matches being played in the stadium. América has won 13 titles, and has been runner-up 7 times. Deportivo Cali has won 9 titles and ended as runner-up 14 times. They have played finals against each other three times. In the early 50's, current amateur team Boca Juniors lost two finals.

Basketball and bullfighting

Though there is no current basketball team that calls Santiago de Cali home, basketball is the second-most played sport in the city. Basketball is a preferred sport at the city center location "La Carrera del Cholado". Football still surpasses basketball in sport popularity.

Bullfighting is staged during the Cali Fair which is held in December. It is anticipated by many citizens in Cali, as well as by many people in all Colombia. The bullfighting ring is called La Plaza de Toros de Cañaveralejo, located southwest of Cali.

Other sports

Rugby, tennis, swimming, archery, and ultimate are also played in Cali. The IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics was hosted in Cali in July 2015.

Nicknames

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Gallery

Notable people

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/resultados_am_municipios.pdf |title=Presentación de PowerPoint |format=PDF |accessdate=24 June 2010}}
2. ^Proyecciones de población {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202154631/http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion |date=2 February 2016 }}
3. ^CALI EN CIFRAS 2011- ALCALDÍA DE SANTIAGO DE CALI (DEPARTAMENTO ADMINISTRATIVO DE PLANEACIÓN)
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.metrocuadrado.com/noticias/|title=Metrocuadrado|website=Metrocuadrado|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://salsa.ch/posts/ns_178|title=Cali: Capital Mundial de la Salsa|first=From|last=net|date=21 February 2005|website=salsa.ch|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://hsbnoticias.com/cali-ratific%C3%B3-ser-la-capital-mundial-de-la-salsa-119781|title=Cali ratificó ser la capital mundial de la salsa - HSB Noticias|date=1 October 2012|website=hsbnoticias.com|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
7. ^Mendoza Neira, Plinio, ed. Cali: La sultana del Valle (Librería Colombiana Camacho Roldán, 1962).
8. ^Zawadzky C., Alfonso, Comentario al libro Las Ciudades Confederadas del Valle del Cauca en 1811. Bogotá, Editorial Librería Voluntad, S.A., 1943.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.museonacional.gov.co/cali.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610223111/http://www.museonacional.gov.co/cali.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-06-10 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Colombia |title=Cali, la explosión de 1956: catástrofe histórica |date= |accessdate= }}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Agosto072006/cali3.html |newspaper=El País |title=Cali recuerda la explosión del 7 de agosto |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015128/http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/notas/Agosto072006/cali3.html |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}
11. ^Angela Davis acquitted—History.com This Day in History—6/4/1972 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212050841/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=50652 |date=12 February 2010 }} This Day in History: Mysterious Explosions in Colombia
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9512/colombia_crash/10am_update/index.html|title=CNN - American Airlines jet crashes in the Andes - Dec. 21, 1995|website=www.cnn.com|access-date=2018-05-04}}
13. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1981%2B-%2B2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128| archivedate = 15 August 2016| title = Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010| publisher = Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales| language = Spanish| accessdate = 15 August 2016| deadurl = yes| df = dmy-all}}
14. ^¹{{cite web| url = http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1971+-+2000.xlsx/7358269a-2856-442c-8d41-fe076f0361af| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160815030409/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1971%2B-%2B2000.xlsx/7358269a-2856-442c-8d41-fe076f0361af| archivedate = 15 August 2016| title = Promedios Climatológicos 1971–2000| publisher = Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales| language = Spanish| accessdate = 15 August 2016| deadurl = yes| df = dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/tiempo-y-clima/clima| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160815030620/http://www.ideam.gov.co/web/tiempo-y-clima/clima| archivedate=15 August 2016| title = Tiempo y Clima| publisher = Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales| language = Spanish| accessdate = 15 August 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cali.gov.co/publicaciones/el_gato_del_ro_pub|title=El Gato del Río|date=May 11, 2004|publisher=City of Cali|accessdate=2016-01-20}}
17. ^Monumento a Cristo Rey en Cali (Absolut Colombia)
18. ^Cristo Rey (Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali)
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/calionline/notas/Noviembre272008/cali2.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120308143633/http://www.elpais.com.co/paisonline/calionline/notas/Noviembre272008/cali2.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=8 March 2012 |title=Piden ayuda para ceiba del Oeste |publisher=El País |date=27 November 2008 |accessdate= }}
20. ^{{cite web |title=CaliOrquídeas 2018 |url=https://theresidencesatpikeandrosecorporatesite.residentportal.com/resident_portal/?module=authentication&action=view_login |website=CaliOrquídeas |accessdate=16 January 2019 |date=30 September 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aos.org/|title=The American Orchid Society|website=www.aos.org|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web|author=Krzysztof Dydynski |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/southwest-colombia/cali |title=Cali Travel Information and Travel Guide – Colombia |publisher=Lonely Planet |accessdate=24 June 2010}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-7754931|language=Spanish |publisher= El Tiempo |title=Cali, destino mundial para turismo de salud y cirugías estéticas |accessdate=31 January 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metrocali.gov.co/wp/|title=METROCALI – Sistemas Integral de Transporte Masivo|publisher=|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.terminalcali.com/publicaciones.php?id=20563 |title=Bus Station website. List of operating companies (Spanish) |publisher=Terminalcali.com |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.terminalcali.com/|title=Terminal Cali|website=www.terminalcali.com|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Colombia_Cali-1462|title=Cali Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|accessdate=August 23, 2017}} Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
28. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ideaspaz.org/publications/posts/1504 |title= Así se concentra el homicidio en las ciudades|publisher= ideaspaz.org|accessdate=14 February 2018| language=spanish}}
29. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/balance-de-violencia-en-el-2017-valle-el-departamento-con-mas-homicidios.html |title= Balance de violencia en el 2017: Valle, el departamento con más homicidios|publisher= elpais.com.co|accessdate=14 February 2018| language=spanish}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/cali/noticias/cali-ciudad-armada-hasta-dientes |title=Conozca el panorama de los homicidios en Cali con armas de fuego – diario El Pais |publisher=Elpais.com.co |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/judicial/lideres-empresariales-y-gremiales-reclaman-politica-seguridad |title=¿Quê hacer para frenar a los delincuentes y devolverle la seguridad a Cali? : Noticias de Judicial |publisher=elpais.com.co |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/719-mafia-war-feared-in-cali-if-rastrojos-face-new-competition |title=Mafia War Feared in Cali, as Rastrojos Face New Competition |publisher=Insightcrime.org |date=28 March 2011 |accessdate=17 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316105232/http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/719-mafia-war-feared-in-cali-if-rastrojos-face-new-competition |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/judicial/racha-violencia-tiene-atemorizado-norte-del-valle-del-cauca |title=Racha de violencia tiene atemorizado al norte del Valle del Cauca : Noticias de Judicial – |publisher=Elpais.com.co |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/chicago-criolla/157505-3.aspx |title=La Chicago criolla, Articulo Impreso Archivado |publisher=Semana.com |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
35. ^{{cite web|url= https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Criminalidad-urbana-en-Colombia-diciembre-2014.pdf |title= Un análisis de la criminalidad urbana en Colombia |format=PDF |page=39|publisher= igarape.org.br|accessdate=13 February 2018| language=spanish}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070719063959/http://www.emcali.com.co/vsmPC/index.php|title=EMCALI - Una empresa para todos|date=19 July 2007|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
37. ^emsirva.com.co {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705011823/http://www.emsirva.com.co/ |date=5 July 2008 }} {{es icon}}
38. ^metrocali.gov.co {{es icon}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.calisalud.gov.co/inicio/index.php |title=Entidad Promotora De Salud Calisalud – Inicio |publisher=Calisalud.gov.co |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509082514/http://www.calisalud.gov.co/inicio/index.php |archivedate=9 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cali.gov.co/Corfecali.php|title=Corfecali|publisher=Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali|date=|accessdate=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723163041/http://www.cali.gov.co/Corfecali.php|archive-date=23 July 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cali.gov.co/Emru.php |title=EMRU |publisher=Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://planeacion.univalle.edu.co/a_gestioninformacion/univalle_cifras/uv-cifras_2008-II_v0.pdf |title=Universidad del Valle en cifras – Semestre II, 2008 |accessdate=3 March 2009 |language=Spanish}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://paginasweb.univalle.edu.co/~planeacion/a_gestioninformacion/sue/SUE_2007_UNIPUB_2003-2006.pdf |title=Estudio comparativo de cuatro Universidades Públicas Colombianas |accessdate=21 February 2009 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828205039/http://paginasweb.univalle.edu.co/~planeacion/a_gestioninformacion/sue/SUE_2007_UNIPUB_2003-2006.pdf |archivedate=28 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.javerianacali.edu.co/Paginas/Facultad/Pregrados/Facultad_de_Ciencias_de_la_Salud/Medicina/Plt_PreMedicina_index.aspx |title=Pontificia Universidad Javeriana – Llega Medicina a la Javeriana Cali. Inscripciones abiertas |accessdate=10 November 2009 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707052639/http://www.javerianacali.edu.co/Paginas/Facultad/Pregrados/Facultad_de_Ciencias_de_la_Salud/Medicina/Plt_PreMedicina_index.aspx |archivedate=7 July 2011 |df=dmy }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usb.edu.co/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=833 |title=Universidad San Buenaventura – The University |publisher=Usb.edu.co |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328041115/http://www.usb.edu.co/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=833 |archivedate=28 March 2012 |df=dmy }}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu.co/|title=Universidad Santiago de Cali - Inicio|website=www.usc.edu.co|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uniajc.edu.co/|title=UNIAJC – Institución Universitaria Antonio José Camacho|website=www.uniajc.edu.co|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://unicuces.edu.co/principal/|title=Corporación Universitaria Centro Superior UNICUCES - Web de la Corporación Universitaria Centro Superior UNICUCES|publisher=|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
49. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20020212121517/http://www.endeporte.edu.co/ endeporte.edu.co]
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politecnicojic.edu.co/|title=Politécnico Colombiano Jaime Isaza Cadavid|website=www.politecnicojic.edu.co|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://museoarqueologico.univalle.edu.co |title=Museo Arqueológico julio C. Cubillos / Universidad del Valle / Cali, Colombia |publisher=Museoarqueologico.univalle.edu.co |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302211903/http://www.museodetransporte.org/|title=MUSEO DE TRANSPORTE - COLOMBIA|date=2 March 2001|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=16 January 2019}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cali.gov.co/corporativo.php?id=1860 |title=Museo de Arte Religioso |publisher=Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cali.gov.co/corporativo.php?id=1423 |title=Museos |publisher=Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali |date= |accessdate=23 May 2012}}
55. ^calideferia.com, Cali fair Guid
56. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.maratoncali.com/ |title=maratoncali.com |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915053047/http://maratoncali.com/ |archive-date=15 September 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
57. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027041546/http://www.conmebol.com/ranking_pais_index.jsp?pais=col&slangab=S|date=27 October 2006}}
58. ^{{cite web|author=Ingo Faulhaber |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?eedbca388d8569d817285fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70a010 |title=International Federation of football History and Statistics IFFHS |publisher=Iffhs.de |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
59. ^{{cite web|author=Ingo Faulhaber |url=http://www.iffhs.de/?3d4d443d0b803e8b40384c00205fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedbe1a |title=All-Time Club world Ranking of the IFFHS |publisher=Iffhs.de |date= |accessdate=17 May 2012}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707233541/http://www.uwrworldchampionship.com/|title=Underwater Rugby World Championship - cali colombia 2015|date=7 July 2015|website=web.archive.org|accessdate=16 January 2019}}